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  3. 【F1】Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Ju

【F1】Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Ju

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问题    【F1】Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
   All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
   Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. 【F2】Most often the reason for this backward speaking is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
   【F3】Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
   Recent evidence suggests that an infant is bora with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’ s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear." 【F4】And even more incredible is the young brain’ s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
   【F5】But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
【F5】
选项
答案然而会话需要引导，这就取决于母亲与孩子之间的互动，在这个过程中，母亲识别孩子咿呀学语和微笑所传递的信号并做出回应。
解析 本句是一个复合句。主句是由连词and并列连接的两个句子，即speech has to be induced和this depends on interaction，其中，induce译为“诱导，引导”。介词短语between the mother and the child作定语修饰名词interaction。关系副词where引导定语从句修饰限定in teraction。在该定语从句中，连词and并列谓语recognizes和responds to，介词短语in the child’s babbling and smiling作定语修饰限定signals，babbling表示“咿呀学语”。
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