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  3. COMETS (1) Comets are among the most interesting and unpredictable bodies in the solar system. They are made of frozen gases

COMETS (1) Comets are among the most interesting and unpredictable bodies in the solar system. They are made of frozen gases

admin2022-08-28  45
问题                                                 COMETS
    (1) Comets are among the most interesting and unpredictable bodies in the solar system. They are made of frozen gases (water vapor, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide) that hold together small pieces of rocky and metallic materials. Many comets travel in very elongated orbits that carry them far beyond Pluto. These long-period comets take hundreds of thousands of years to complete a single orbit around the Sun. However, a few short-period comets (those having an orbital period of less than 200 years), such as Halley’s Comet, make a regular encounter with the inner solar system.
    (2) When a comet first becomes visible from Earth, it appears very small, but as it approaches the Sun, solar energy begins to vaporize the frozen gases, producing a glowing head called the coma. The size of the coma varies greatly from one comet to another. Extremely rare ones exceed the size of the Sun, but most approximate the size of Jupiter. Within the coma, a small glowing nucleus with a diameter of only a few kilometers can sometimes be detected. As comets approach the Sun, some develop a tail that extends for millions of kilometers. Despite the enormous size of their tails and comas, comets are relatively small members of the solar system.
    (3) The observation that the tail of a comet points away from the Sun in a slightly curved manner led early astronomers to propose that the Sun has a repulsive force that, pushes the particles of the coma away, thereby forming the tail. Today, two solar forces are known to contribute to this formation. One, radiation pressure, pushes dust particles away from the coma. The second, known as solar wind, is responsible for moving the ionized gases, particularly carbon monoxide. Sometimes a single tail composed of both dust and ionized gases is produced, but often two tails—one of dust, the other, a blue streak of ionized gases—are observed.
    (4) As a comet moves away from the Sun, the gases forming the coma recondense, the tail disappears, and the comet returns to distant space. Material that was blown from the coma to form the tail is lost from the comet forever. Consequently, it is believed that most comets cannot survive more than a few hundred close orbits of the Sun. Once all the gases are expelled, the remaining materials—a swarm of tiny metallic and stony particles—continue the orbit without a coma or a tail.
    (5) Comets apparently originate in two regions of the outer solar system. Most short-period comets are thought to orbit beyond Neptune in a region called the Kuiper belt, in honor of the astronomer Gerald Kuiper. During the past decade over a hundred of these icy bodies have been discovered. Most Kuiper belt comets move in nearly circular orbits that lie roughly in the same plane as the planets. A chance collision between two comets, or the gravitational influence of one of the Jovian planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—may occasionally alter the orbit of a comet in these regions enough to send it to the inner solar system and into our view.
    (6) Unlike short-period comets, long-period comets have elliptical orbits that are not confined to the plane of the solar system. These comets appear to be distributed in all directions from the Sun, forming a spherical shell around the solar system, called the Oort cloud, after the Dutch astronomer Jan Oort. Millions of comets are believed to orbit the Sun at distances greater than 10,000 times the Earth-Sun distance. The gravitational effect of a distant passing star is thought to send an occasional Oort cloud comet into a highly eccentric orbit that carries it toward the Sun. However, only a tiny portion of the Oort cloud comets have orbits that bring them into the inner solar system.
    (7) The most famous short-period comet is Halley’s Comet, named after English astronomer Edmond Halley. [A] Its orbital period averages 76 years, and every one of its 30 appearances since 240 B.C. has been recorded by Chinese astronomers. [B] When seen in 1910, Halley’s Comet had developed a tail nearly 1.6 million kilometers (I million miles) long and was visible during daylight hours. [C] Its most recent approach occurred in 1986. [D]
Select TWO answer choices that according to paragraph 4 describe how a comet changes as it travels away from the Sun. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
选项 A、It loses its metallic and stony particles.
B、It loses all the material that was in its tail.
C、Its orbital period becomes shorter.
D、The gases that were in its coma recondensed.
答案B,D
解析 本题属于事实信息题，题干问在第4段中，哪两项正确描述了彗星离开太阳时的变化。原文第4段第2句提到，从彗发中被吹出从而形成彗尾的物质会从永远流失，对应B项“彗星失去了彗尾的所有物质”。原文第4段第1句提到，当彗星远离太阳时，曾经形成彗发的气体再次凝结，对应D项“彗发中的气体会再次凝结”。A项“彗星失去了金属和石质颗粒”与原文第4段最后一句相悖。C项“彗星的轨道周期变短”没有依据。
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