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  3. Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions

Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions

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问题     Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market(candidates for teaching positions that do not exist)and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand(research in subfields within subfields and publication in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues), all at a rapidly rising cost.
    Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work "The Conflict of the Faculties," wrote that universities should "handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. "
    Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less .
    The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors.
    The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5, 000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors.
    The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.
The author thinks it’s bad for faculty members to be______.
选项 A、free from the supervision of the trustees
B、involved in any profit-making activities
C、subject to peer view on all academic matters
D、restricted to the work in their own departments
答案A
解析 本题是推理题。最后一段提到“While trustees and administrations theoreticallyhave some oversight responsibility，in practice，departments operate independently．”，监管和管理在理论上具有一些监管的责任，但是实际上系科都是各自为政，毫无约束。本文的最后一句告诉我们“Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehementlyoppose it in their own departments．”，很多学术人士高喊要引入市场竞争机制，但是在自己所属的系科里却猛烈拒绝这种机制的引入。可判断选项A正确。
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