2. 考研
  3. [A] What to do as a student? [B] Various definitions of plagiarism [C] Ideas should always be sourced [D] Ignorance

[A] What to do as a student? [B] Various definitions of plagiarism [C] Ideas should always be sourced [D] Ignorance

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问题     [A] What to do as a student?
    [B] Various definitions of plagiarism
    [C] Ideas should always be sourced
    [D] Ignorance can be forgiven
    [E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
    [F] The consequences of plagiarism
    Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is "the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the idea, or the expression of ideas of another."
    【R1】________
    The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writes are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
    【R2】________
    Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
    【R3】________
    Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
    【R4】________
    Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation—note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although "there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them," the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
    【R5】________
    The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
    The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume the responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
【R3】
选项
答案D
解析 复现结构。本题难度比较高，关键是与下面的原文段落有很大混淆性。所以我们首先必须仔细分析本题的原文段落信息，准确把握该段落的真正主旨：Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished. 该段落开头显然是介绍性的信息，即介绍一种形式的抄袭(Plagiarism by accident)，关键是在段落的结尾出现了一个明显的让步逻辑关系的句子。根据前面总结的解题方法，这种出现在段落中的让步逻辑关系一定要重点看，因为它们常常可以帮助我们清晰地定位段落的主旨和核心信息，特别是重点去分析让步关系中的后半部分信息，即“但是”部分的信息，因为这才是最重要的信息。根据这个分析，我们马上定位出此处这个让步关系的后半部分信息：it is the least serious and，if lessons learned，can be exempt from being severely punished. (这种抄袭是最不严重的，如果吸取教训，可以免除严厉惩罚)；此信息就是本段落的核心信息，我们凭借此核心信息在待选标题中进行相关性匹配，发现D项Ignorance can be forgiven(疏忽可以被原谅)应该是最相近的。但是这里有一个干扰性很强的信息点，就是Ignorance，该段落开头的信息明显也是介绍性信息，而在段落的最后也出现了一个让步关系的句子，也就是说此句中的信息才是此段落的真正核心信息，此段落与上面所对应的原文段落的结构其实是一样的。从这个角度定位出the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged，此信息完全没有提及D项Ignorance can be forgiven(疏忽可以被原谅)的概念，因此可以断定选项D更应该被填入本题。
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