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  3. Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

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问题     Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward challenges later in life.
    Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers (初学走路的小孩) made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like "You’re a good boy." The study, which appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and child development done outside of a lab setting.
    "This is something we suspected would be the case based on a lot of experimental research, and it’s exciting to see it play out in the real world," says Elizabeth Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University, in Philadelphia, who led the study while at the University of Chicago. "Praising the efforts, actions and work of the kid is going to be more beneficial in their long-term persistence and desire to be challenged and work hard in the future."
    Such "process praise" includes comments such as "You worked really hard." or "You’re doing a great job," which emphasize the child’s actions. "Person praise" includes comments like "You’re so smart." or "You’re so good," which focus on a child’s inherent qualities. These distinctions aren’t new in the field of psychology, but exactly how they affect children’s development over the years hasn’t always been clear.
    As part of the study, researchers visited the homes of more than 50 toddlers between the ages of 1 and 3 years old, and filmed their daily interactions with their parents during multiple 90-minute sessions. Five years later, the researchers followed up with the families, using questionnaires to measure the children’s attitudes toward challenges and problem solving. The children who grew up with more process praise were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say that they could improve their intelligence with hard work. While person praise didn’t seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed and improved, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and therefore not easily altered.
    "This study is monumental," says Carol Dweck, a co-author of the study and a professor at Stanford University whose earlier research laid the foundation for understanding the role of praise in child development. "To be videotaping (录制) these mother-child interactions and to be interviewing the mothers and children over the years is an enormous undertaking."
What is the purpose of the passage?
选项 A、To explain the benefit of process praise.
B、To represent the study of encouragement.
C、To compare person praise with process praise.
D、To show what is significant for child development.
答案A
解析 文章首段指出，赞扬的方式影响着孩子今后面对挑战的态度。接着第2-6段指出，有研究表明相比个人性赞扬而言，过程性赞扬更能培养孩子应对挑战和解决问题的态度和能力。由此可见，本文主要是要讲述过程性赞扬对孩子发展的好处，故A)符合题意。文章详细讲述了发表在《儿童发展》杂志上的这篇研究是为了说明过程性赞扬的好处，B)没有深入分析研究的目的，因此也不是文章的写作目的。C)也没有深入分析作者将过程性赞扬与个人性赞扬作比较的真正目的，因此也可以排除。D)的范围太过宽泛，对儿童发展有利的事情很多，作者只是讲述了赞扬的方式对孩子未来发展的影响。
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