SECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-25 Complete the following statements using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.

Olga: Hi Ben! Hi Sally! Come in.
Ben: Hi Olga!
Sally: Hi Olga!
Olga: Did you have any problems getting some basic information for our project on fitness assessments?
Ben: I didn’t. There’s plenty of information available nowadays, because so many people are interested in keeping fit.
Sally: Yes, I got some useful information we can use from websites
     and Ben got some stuff from fitness centres in the city.                Q21
Olga: Great! I found some things in magazines and newspapers. I                      Q22
    think we might find the biggest problem is that we have too
    much information. Anyway, let’s begin. Now, a fitness assessment  Q23
    is a series of measurements that can help determine
    physical fitness. There are several standard tests in a fitness
    assessment. Depending upon the assessor, other tests may be
    added to achieve a greater picture of fitness.
Sally: Or lack of it! According to my information, the main tests in
    a fitness assessment evaluate body mass index, resting heart
    rate and blood pressure, and aerobic fitness. Additional tests
    may evaluate body composition, lung capacity, flexibility and
    strength.
Ben: What exactly does the body mass index tell us about a person’s fitness?
Sally: Body mass index evaluates a person in terms of their height and weight to determine total body mass. It can show if a person’s body mass measurement exceeds normal limits and thus indicates that weight loss would be a good idea.
Ben: So, it’s a bit inexact, then?
Olga: Yes, it is. BMI alone is usually not thought to be the best measure
    of physical fitness. Someone who is very muscular may                 Q24
    have a higher BMI than is considered normal, because muscle
    weighs more. A true measurement of a body’s fat content in a
    fitness assessment may be better obtained through something
    called hydrostatic weighing, which assesses the body’s composition    Q25
    more exactly.
Ben: Hydrostatic weighing? I’ve never heard of it.
Olga: I don’t have any more information on it. We can make a note of it and look it up later. Sally, you said there were other ways of evaluating fitness? Sally: Er ... yes. A typical fitness assessment. will also evaluate heart
     rate and blood pressure. Measuring resting heart rate is important
     because it allows you to figure out what the safe levels of increasing
     the heart rate are during aerobic exercise. The basic
     formula for measuring safe maximum heart rate is 220 minus           Q26
     age, minus resting heart rate. This figure is multiplied by 0.9            Q27
     and the resting heart rate is added back to get the maximum
     heart rate at which one can safely exercise. Olga: However, it says here that determining appropriate maximum
    heart rate in a fitness assessment should also take into account
    blood pressure. A person with high blood pressure should be                     Q28
    evaluated by a physician prior to proceeding with an exercise
    programme.
Ben: Definitely! Another common test in a fitness assessment is
   aerobic fitness. This looks at the heart rate and oxygen rate                       Q29
   during a moderate workout that may last five to ten minutes.
   Evaluations about the ability of the blood to oxygenate thoroughly
   as demands are greater on the heart and lungs can give
   people information regarding at what level they should attempt
   exercise.
Sally: I think that an important point is that a fitness assessment is frequently performed at a health club, and these tend to be fairly minor assessments. The assessors may not be particularly well trained. In most cases, if one has not exercised much in the past, the best place to assess fitness is with one’s doctor prior to beginning an exercise regime. Some of the tests performed may be similar, but will have the added attraction of interpretation by an expert.
Ben: Good points, Sally. A physician can also help one establish a                      Q30
  modified fitness program based on high blood pressure readings,
  or on any heart anomalies. A doctor can also help address such
  problems medically as needed. This is most valuable
  since it can be dangerous to proceed with an exercise
  program if one has cardiac or blood pressure issues. Any injuries
  may also be evaluated to help determine the safest way to
become fitter, or to maintain physical fitness.
Olga: Well done, you two. I have some more information here about