首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Animation is older than cinema, indeed almost as old as photography. Niepce made the first still photograph in 1826, just six ye
Animation is older than cinema, indeed almost as old as photography. Niepce made the first still photograph in 1826, just six ye
admin
2013-05-11
39
问题
Animation is older than cinema, indeed almost as old as photography. Niepce made the first still photograph in 1826, just six years before Plateau invented the Phenakistoscope. The Zoetrope appeared just a year later in 1833.These two devices were examples of what today we would call drawn animation, presenting a series of pictures to the viewer in rapid succession to give the illusion of movement. While such toys were highly popular in the nineteenth century, it was not until the birth of cinema at the end of the century that animated films could tell stories.
Before the advent of CGI in the 1980s, animation techniques could be divided into two broad categories-drawn animation and model (or stop-motion) animation. The former involves photographing a series of two-dimensional images, usually drawings but sometimes cut-out shapes, while the latter uses three-dimensional puppets and models. Both techniques developed rapidly in the early years of cinema, with Cohl (" Fantasmagorie", 1908) and McCay ("Little Nemo", 1911) among the drawn animation pioneers and Stacewicz ("The Revenge of a Kinematograph Cameraman", 1912) the pre eminent puppet animator.
The invention of eel animation by Hard in 1914 was a key milestone. Not only did it reduce the work required to produce drawn animation by eliminating the need to redraw the backgrounds, it also made it possible to divide the work up among a team of specialists. One artist could design the characters, one draw the backgrounds, another produce key character frames as outline drawings, while yet others would work on the less inventive tasks of inking in outlines or filling in character movements (’in-betweeners’). The development of ’rotoscoping’ by the Fleischer brothers was another key improvement, leading to much more realistic character movement.
While the eel technique transformed drawn animation into a streamlined production-line process, model animation remained very much an individual art. As a result it languished, while by the 1930s cel-animated shorts had become part of nearly every Film program. As well as Disney, several of the studios, Warner Brothers and MGM in particular, had flourishing animation departments. Disney produced the first full-length animated feature, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" in I937 and from then on released a new one roughly every other year.
The advent of widespread television in the 1960s had a profound effect on film programs. First newsreels were abandoned, as television news proved more efficient and immediate. Cartoon shorts were edged out more slowly, but became rare by the end of the 1960s. The animation studios, instead of making five-minute shorts for cinema exhibition, started making thirty-minute TV cartoons for children ("Top Cat", "Deputy Dawg" and "The Flintstones" for example). While stories of necessity became more complex, the cartoon drawings themselves became highly simplified to meet the budgets that TV imposed.
Within the domain of animated shorts almost every conceivable technique has continued to be used, but until recently cartoon features have been produced exclusively using cel. animation. Indeed, for more than forty years, from "Snow White" (1937) until "The Secret of NIMH" (Bluth/Goldman, 1982) almost all the featurelength cartoons came from a single studio, Disney. Model animation, while often used for special effects in fantasy and science fiction films, was not used for a feature-length animated film until "Nightmare" (1993). Despite the success of "Nightmare" we have not seen many more stop-motion 3D cartoons. Indeed there has been just one, "Chicken Run" (Lord/Park. 2000)), although the long middle section of "James and the Giant Peach" (Selick. 1996) is entirely stop-motion. Instead there has been a series of very successful 3D cartoons generated completely by computers, starting with "Toy Story" in 1995.
"Languished" in Para. 4 means ______.
选项
A、became sad
B、became unpopular
C、was canceled
D、flourished
答案
B
解析
词汇理解题。对应文章第四段,结合上下文可知此段是对比说明绘画卡通与模型卡通的发展趋势,绘画卡通由于赛璐珞动画技术(cel animation)的应用已几乎被运用在每部动画片里;而相比之下模型卡通则每况愈下,渐渐被人遗忘。因此B是最佳答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/HJ6MFFFM
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Theterm"qualityoflife"isdifficulttodefine.It【C1】______averywidescopesuchaslivingenvironment,health,employment,
AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmil
AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmil
Thursdaynight’sprogrammeonITV1,TheCostofGoingGreen,providedareasonablybalanceddebateontheimpactsofrenewablee
IntheUnitedStates,PresidentBarackObamahasreversedlong-standingDemocraticPartypolicybyapprovingsubstantialnewloa
Inanysociety,nomatterhow【C1】______,someindividualshaveauthority【C2】______others,atleastwithinalimitedsphere.Obed
Thesoldierwas______ofrunningawaywhentheenemyattacked.
Wheredidtheminecompaniesoperateaccordingtothenewsitem?
MediaViolenceViolenceinthemediaiseasilyaccessibletochildren./Researchshowsthatthereisincreasinginstanceso
______withenoughinstrumentsnecessaryfortheexperiment,thesescientistsareexpectingtofinishitaheadoftime.
随机试题
乳腺癌最先转移的淋巴结为
某公路扩建段在城乡结合部,沿线穿越多条在用公路,道路两侧紧邻居民小区和工厂。路段全长1.22km,为双向六车道,机非分行。路面结构为:4cm厚SBS改性沥青混凝土面层+5cm厚沥青混凝土中面层+6cm厚沥青混凝土底面层+20cm厚石灰稳定土底基层
根据商业银行业务特点和风险特性的不同,商业银行的客户可以划分为()。
某歌厅当月收取门票收入3万元,台位费5万元,点歌费8万元,烟酒和饮料费7万元,其他收费4万元,请计算该歌厅当月应纳营业税?(当地政府规定的娱乐业营业税率为20%)
评价和反思过程虽是一个独立的成分,但它始终贯穿在整个学习和教学过程中。
王维《送刘司直赴安西》诗中写道:“绝域阳关道,胡沙与塞尘。”诗人的朋友要经过“阳关道”去的地方属于()。
阅读这部《世界文学史》的更重要的一份愉悦,是它本身就是一篇文学作品,书中出现的_______的文学事件,大大小小的作家文人,每一个话题都仿佛_______、脱口而出。填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是:
推恩令
设f(x)是非负随机变量的概率密度,求Y=的概率密度.
下列关于域名的说法正确的是()。
最新回复
(
0
)