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  3. Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of

Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of

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问题     Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case, Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies.
    Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclu- sion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital invest - ment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity.
    A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively: they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance, the mass-product ion phi- losophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. Automakers could schedule the production of different compo- nents or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.
According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of Japanese automobile workers?
选项 A、Their productivity levels did not equal those of United States automobile workers until the late seventies.
B、Their high efficiency levels are a direct result of cultural influences.
C、They operate component-specific machinery.
D、They are trained to do more than one job.
E、They produce larger lots of cars than do workers in United States factories.
答案D
解析 哪一个关于日本汽车制造工人的说法正确?A．生产能力到70年代末未达到美国水平。原文L25—28，60年代中期，有一些企业已超过。B．第一段错误观点。C．操纵特殊零部件机器。这是美国汽车生产特点，见L48—51。D．正确。被训练做一项以上工作。见L57—58。E．比美国生产批量大。正相反，见L46和L52。
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