首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Influenza and Vaccines There is no specific cure for influenza. Recommended treatment usually consists of bed rest and increased
Influenza and Vaccines There is no specific cure for influenza. Recommended treatment usually consists of bed rest and increased
admin
2013-08-12
57
问题
Influenza and Vaccines
There is no specific cure for influenza. Recommended treatment usually consists of bed rest and increased intake of nonalcoholic fluids until fever and other symptoms
lessen
in severity. Certain drugs have been found effective in lessening flu symptoms, but medical efforts aimed against the disease focus chiefly on prevention by means of vaccines that create immunity.
No drugs can cure influenza, but certain antiviral medicines can relieve flu symptoms. Available by prescription, these drugs provide modest relief, but only if taken on the first or second day of symptoms. The drugs amantadine(sold under the brand name Symmetrel)and rimantadine(Flumadine), both in pill form, work against hemagglutinin and are effective in treating type A influenza. Two other drugs inhibit neuraminidase and are effective against both type A and type B strains: oseltamivir(Tamiflu)is in pill form and zanamivir(Relenza)is an inhalant.
A flu vaccine consists of greatly weakened or dead flu viruses, or fragments of dead viruses Antigens in the vaccine stimulate the patient’s immune system to produce antibodies against the viruses If the flu viruses invade a vaccinated person at a later time, the sensitized immune system recognizes the antigens, produces the antibodies and quickly responds to help destroy
them
.
About 5 to 10 percent of people who receive a flu vaccine experience
mild
, temporary side effects, typically soreness at the injection site. Young children who have not previously been exposed to the influenza virus are most likely to experience side effects.
Flu viruses constantly change, so different virus strains must be incorporated in vaccines from one year to the next. Scientists try to provide a good match between the vaccine and the most serious virus strains circulating at the time. But because it takes months to manufacture and distribute vaccines, decisions on their composition must be made well before the start of each flu season. Each February experts at the World Health Organization(WHO)recommend a vaccine composition to be used for the forthcoming winter in the Northern Hemisphere; a second recommendation is made in September for vaccines to be used in the Southern Hemisphere. Typically vaccines contain antigens from three virus strains, usually two strains from type A and one strain from type B.
According to the CDC, the success of flu vaccines varies from one person to another. In healthy young adults, the vaccines are 70 to 90 percent effective in preventing the disease. In the elderly and people with certain chronic medical conditions, the vaccines are less effective in preventing illness but help reduce the severity of an infection and the risk of major complications or death. Studies show that flu vaccines reduce flu-related hospitalization by about 70 percent and flu-related deaths by about 85 percent among elderly people.
The CDC recommends annual flu shots for people who are at high risk for developing serious complications as a result of an influenza infection.(A)
This group includes all people aged 65 and older; people in nursing homes and other facilities that house people with chronic medical conditions; people with chronic heart, lung or kidney disease, diabetes, an impaired immune system, or severe forms of anemia; children and adolescents with conditions treated for long periods of time with aspirin(which makes them vulnerable to Reye’s syndrome); and women who will be in the second or third trimester of pregnancy during the influenza season.(B)
Some doctors encourage individuals who travel to areas of the world where influenza viruses circulate to receive the most current vaccine.(C)
Vaccination taken earlier can better protect the travellers from being infected by influenza in the epidemic areas.(D)
Vaccination is more urgently needed particularly if they are at higher risk of complications
It takes the human immune system one to two weeks after vaccination to develop antibodies to the flu antigens According to the CDC, the best time to get flu shots in the United States is between October 1st and mid-November—sufficiently in advance of the peak of influenza activity, which in the United States generally lasts from late December until early March.
Flu shots must be given
annually
for two reasons. First, antibody protection that is provided by the vaccine decreases during the year following vaccination. Second, vaccines created for pre-existing viral strains may not work against new strains; nor does an infection with one flu strain confer immunity to infection by another strain.
Look at the four squares
that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
To help stop the disease’s spread, the CDC also recommends vaccination for health-care workers, employees of nursing homes and chronic-care facilities, and household members of people in high-risk groups
Where would the sentence best fit?
选项
答案
B
解析
本题为插话题,考查考生是否具备将特定的一句话按照语义逻辑关系插入顺序相连的四个句子之间的能力。要做对此题,考生必须深入理解各个句子间的词汇、语法和段落之间的逻辑联系。要插入的话语中有also一词,这是很重要的线索。这句话说:“为了阻止病毒的传播,CDC也(also)建议保健工作者、私人疗养院的护理员、慢性病护理机构和高危人群的家庭成员注射疫苗。”前文CDC建议一些易感人群注射疫苗,本插入句建议保健工作者注射疫苗。前后意思紧密,逻辑连贯。因此,这句话应该插入第二个黑框B处。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/DbhYFFFM
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Whenisthedeadlineforhandingindissertations?WhatwillthestudentsprobablyspendthesecondhalfofAprildoing?
CompletethenotesbelowbywritingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSinthespacesprovided.TheGovernmentplanstogive【T14】$______to
STUDENTBANKINGNote:Maynotbeallowedallfacilitiesgiventoresidentstudents.FundingMustprovide【T14】______.Icans
STUDENTBANKINGNote:Maynotbeallowedallfacilitiesgiventoresidentstudents.FundingMustprovide【T14】______.Icans
CompletetheregistrationformusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDS.Nameofstudent:【T6】______Address:【T7】Flat5/______.Town:【T8】
WhatrulesapplytotakingdifferentobjectstotheCentre?Matcheachobjectwiththecorrectrule,A-C.Writethecorrectlett
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOproblemsdoesSamidentifyconcerningthelecturers?APunctuality.BOrganisation.CAcce
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.OnlineExchangeBusinessHowlonghasthewebsitebeenoperated?
Choosethecorrectanswer,A,BorC.Africancrocodilesusuallyliveinareaswith
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.OnlineExchangeBusinessWhichcountryhasthemostusersinthewebsite?
随机试题
Peoplewhoarenotself-confidentdependtoomuchonthepraiseofothersinordertofeelgoodaboutthemselves.
患者女,45岁。1周前发现有乳外上象限结节,直径约1.5cm,较硬,活动,无压痛,两侧乳腺对称,乳头及皮肤无特殊,两侧腋下均未及淋巴结,患乳无炎症或创伤史,钼靶拍片X线检查发现患乳有细小钙化点。患者若行保乳手术,后续治疗说法正确的是
炎性肿胀与浮肿的不同在于()。
半径为R的圆盘以匀角速度w沿水平滚动而无滑动,AB杆的A端与圆盘边缘铰接,其月端在水平面上滑动。在图示位置时,AB杆B端的加速度aB大小为()。
以下关于水力发电厂装机容量的划分规模的表述,正确的是()。
关于凭证审核,下列说法正确的有()。
请将提货单的换取流程与正确的步骤连线。第一步确认提单有效性第二步领取正本提货单第三步确认换单时间
可以操纵自变量变化,但对无关变量不能控制的实验是()
法律权利是指国家通过法律规定,对法律关系主体可以自主决定可为或不为某种行为的许可和保障手段。这一概念,告诉权利主体
当前流行的移动硬盘或U盘进行读/写利用的计算机接口是()。
最新回复
(
0
)