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  3. There are more than 300 million of us in the United States, and sometimes it seems like we’re all friends on Facebook. But the s

There are more than 300 million of us in the United States, and sometimes it seems like we’re all friends on Facebook. But the s

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问题     There are more than 300 million of us in the United States, and sometimes it seems like we’re all friends on Facebook. But the sad truth is that Americans are lonelier than ever. Between 1985 and 2004, the number of people who said there was no one to discuss important matters with tripled, to 25 percent, according to Duke University researchers. Unfortunately, as a new study linking women to increased risk of heart disease shows, all this loneliness can be detrimental to our health.
    The bad news doesn’t just affect women. Social isolation in all adults has been linked to a raft of physical and mental ailments, including sleep disorders, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of depression and suicide. How lonely you feel today actually predicts how well you’ll sleep tonight and how depressed you’ll feel a year from now, says John T. Cacioppo, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago and coauthor of Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. Studies have shown that loneliness can cause stress levels to rise and can weaken the immune system. Lonely people also tend to have less healthy lifestyles, drinking more alcohol, eating more fattening food, and exercising less than those who are not lonely.
    Though more Americans than ever are living alone(25 percent of U. S. households, up from 7 percent in 1940), the connection between single-living and loneliness is in fact quite weak. " Some of the most profound loneliness can happen when other people are present," says Harry Reis, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester. Take college freshmen: even though they’re surrounded by people almost all the time, many feel incredibly isolated during the first quarter of the school year with their friends and family members far away, Cacioppo says. Studies have shown that how lonely freshmen will feel can be predicted by how many miles they are from home. By the second quarter, however, most freshmen have found social replacements for their high-school friends. Unfortunately, as we age, it becomes more difficult to recreate those social relationships. And that can be a big problem as America becomes a more transient society, with an increasing number of Americans who say that they’re willing to move away from home for a job.
    Loneliness can be relative: it has been defined as an aversive emotional response to a perceived discrepancy between a person’s desired levels of social interaction and the contact they’re actually receiving. People tend to measure themselves against others, feeling particularly alone in communities where social connection is the norm. That’s why collectivist cultures, like those in Southern Europe, have higher levels of loneliness than individualist cultures, Cacioppo says. For the same reason, isolated individuals feel most acutely alone on holidays like Christmas Eve or Thanksgiving, when most people are surrounded by family and friends.
    Still, loneliness is a natural biological signal that we all have. Indeed, loneliness serves an adaptive purpose, making us protect and care for one another. Loneliness essentially puts the brain on high alert, encouraging us not to eat leftovers from the refrigerator but to call a friend and eat out. Certain situational factors can trigger loneliness, but long-term feelings of emptiness and isolation are partly genetic, Cacioppo says. What’s inherited is not loneliness itself, but rather sensitivity to disconnection.
    Social-networking sites like Facebook and MySpace may provide people with a false sense of connection that ultimately increases loneliness in people who feel alone. These sites should serve as a supplement, but not replacement for face-to-face interaction, Cacioppo says. He compares connecting on a Website to eating celery: It feels good immediately, but it doesn’t give you the same sustenance. For people who feel satisfied and loved in their day-to-day life, social media can be a reassuring extension. For those who are already lonely, Facebook status updates are just a reminder of how much better everyone else is at making friends and having fun.
    Michael J. Bugeja, a professor of communications at Iowa State University and author of Interpersonal Divide: The Search for Community in a Technological Age, says that the encroachment of digital communication into our social lives can amplify feelings of isolation.
    According to Cacioppo, there’s no magic number for the number of friends you need to avoid loneliness. An introvert might need one confidante not to feel lonely, whereas an extrovert might require two, three, or four bosom buddies. Experts say it’s not the quantity of social relationships but the quality that really matters. "The most popular kid in school may still feel lonely," Cacioppo says. "There are a lot of stars who have been idols and lived lonely lives. "
Which of the following statements is CORRECT according to the first two paragraphs?
选项 A、Between 1985 and 2004, the number of people who found no one to discuss important matters became 75% of the population.
B、Loneliness can affect both men and women in terms of physical and mental disorder.
C、The loneliness you feel today will bring depression to you one year later, according to Cacioppo.
D、People feel lonely because they have unhealthy lifestyles, for instance, drinking more alcohol.
答案B
解析 事实细节题。根据第二段第一、二句可知，“孤独感不仅影响女性健康。社交孤立感会导致所有成年人身体和精神患病比率的上升，如睡眠障碍、高血压、抑郁症以及自杀风险的提高，[B]“孤独感对男人和女人的身体和精神健康都有影响”为这两句话的正确转述，故为正确答案。根据首段第三句，在1985到2004一年间，感到无人可商谈重大事情的人数是之前的三倍之多，占到了美国人口总数的25％，言外之意，原先占到人口总数的8％左右，而如今变为25％，[A]“1985到2004年间感到无人可商谈重大事情的人数占到了总人口数的75％”曲解了原文的意思，故排除；根据第二段第三句可知，John T．Cacioppo指出今天你感到有多孤独,将关系到你当晚的睡眠质量和接下来一整年会有多沮丧，而[C]“据Cacioppo所说，你今天感到的孤独将在一年以后给你带来抑郁的感觉”偷换概念，把“接下来一整年”换成了“一年以后”，故排除；根据第二段最后一句可知，“比起其他人，孤独的人往往有着不健康的生活方式，如酗酒、吃脂肪含量高的食物，并且运动也比别人少”，而[D]“人感觉孤独是因为他们有酗酒等不良的生活习惯”因果倒置，故排除。
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