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  3. 　　Both WHO’s constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights assert that health is a human right, not a privilege for

　　Both WHO’s constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights assert that health is a human right, not a privilege for

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问题 　　Both WHO’s constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights assert that health is a human right, not a privilege for those who can afford it. Over time, that right has made its way into both national and international law. Importantly, the right to health is not simply a noble idea on a piece of paper. It has been a platform for major improvements in global health. Since 1948, life expectancy has increased by 25 years. Maternal and childhood mortality have plummeted. Smallpox has been eradicated and polio is on the brink. We have turned the tide on the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
　　Deaths from malaria have dropped dramatically. New vaccines have made once-feared diseases easily preventable. And there are many other causes for celebration. But even as we continue to struggle with old threats, new ones have arisen. Climate change will have profound effects on health. Antimicrobial resistance has the potential to undo the gains of modern medicine. Vaccine hesitancy is putting millions of young lives at risk. Non-communicable diseases, including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, lung diseases and mental illnesses, have become the major killers of our time. And of course, we continue to face the ever-present threat of outbreaks and other health emergencies.
　　In the past 12 months, WHO has responded to 47 emergencies in 50 countries. It is currently responding to an outbreak of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There have been 373 cases and 216 deaths since the outbreak started in August. We have managed to prevent Ebola from spreading across the border, as we have much better tools with which to fight Ebola than at any time in history. More than 32,000 people have been vaccinated, which is one of the reasons the outbreak has not spread further than it has. We also have ways to treat those infected. So far, 150 people have been treated with one of four drugs, 14 million travelers have been screened, and there have been more than 190 safe and dignified burials. We have done door-to-door advocacy in almost 4,000 households and we have trained more than 500 community leaders. But this outbreak has been much more difficult to control, largely because of the security situation in eastern DRC. Armed groups operating in the area conduct regular attacks on the city of Beni, the epicentre of the outbreak. And every time there is an attack, the virus gets an advantage. Vaccination and contact tracing are disrupted.
　　Health security and health systems are two sides of the same coin. The best long-term investment in protecting and promoting the right to health is to invest in stronger health systems. The world came together to recommit to that vision. Because there is simply no other way to achieve universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals than primary health care, with a focus on health promotion and disease prevention. WHO and 10 other international health agencies have agreed to work together on a Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-Being. The plan has three strategic approaches: integration, acceleration and accountability. First, we have committed to integrate many of our processes to increase our collective efficiency. Second, we have committed to accelerate progress by identifying areas of work in which we can make more rapid progress towards the health-related goals, like research and development, data and sustainable financing. And third, we have committed to keep each other accountable, both to the people we serve, and to the donors and partners who expect results from the resources they give us.   
选项
答案 《世界卫生组织宪章》和联合国《世界人权宣言》都坚定认为，健康是一项人权，而不是有钱人才能享有的特权。随着时间的推移，这项权利已被写入国家和国际法律。重要的是，健康权并不只是写在纸上的崇高理想，还一直是全球健康取得重大改善的指导纲领。自1948年以来，人类预期寿命提高了25岁，孕产妇和儿童死亡率直线下降。天花己然根除，小儿麻痹症即将被消灭，而艾滋病毒／艾滋病蔓延的趋势也已得到扭转。 疟疾死亡人数急剧下降，新疫苗使过去令人谈虎色变的疾病变得易于预防。值得庆祝的进步还有很多。然而，就在我们继续与旧的威胁作斗争的同时，新的威胁却已然出现。气候变化将对健康产生深远的影响。抗生素耐药性有可能抵消现代医学的成果。对疫苗持犹豫不决的态度使数百万年轻人的生命面临危险。非传染性疾病，包括心脏病、中风、癌症、糖尿病、高血压、肺病、精神疾病，已经成为我们这个时代的主要杀手。当然，我们还会随时面临疫情暴发和其他卫生紧急情况的威胁。 在过去12个月中，世卫组织对50个国家的47起卫生突发事件作出了反应。目前，它正应对在刚果民主共和国暴发的埃博拉疫情。自8月份暴发以来，已有373例病例和216例死亡。我们现在已经设法阻止了埃博拉病毒越境传播，因为我们拥有历史上最好的抗击埃博拉病毒的手段。已有32000多人接种了疫苗，这是疫情没有进一步蔓延的原因之一。对于已经感染上病毒的人，我们也有办法进行治疗。截至目前，己对150人使用了四种药物中的一种来进行治疗，对1400万游客进行了筛查，并对190多位病逝患者进行了安全且有尊严的下葬。我们还对近4000个家庭进行了挨家挨户宣传，并培训了500多名社区干事。但此次刚果民主共和国的疫情比以往更难控制，主要是因为其东部地区的安全局势。在该地区活动的武装组织经常向疫情暴发的中心地贝尼市发起袭击。而每次袭击后，病毒传播得更猛，接种疫苗和追踪接触者的工作便会被中断。 健康保障和卫生系统是同一枚硬币的两面。保护和促进健康权的最佳长期投入是对建设更强大的卫生系统进行投资。全世界共聚一堂，再次为实现这一愿景做出承诺。因为加强初级卫生保健，并聚焦健康促进和疾病预防，是实现全民健康覆盖和“可持续发展目标”的唯一出路。世卫组织和其他10个国际卫生机构已同意合作开展“健康生活与福祉全球行动计划”。该计划提出三个战略方法：协调一致、加速推进、责任担当。第一，我们承诺协调整合我们的诸多流程，以提高集体效率。第二，我们承诺加快进度，确定能够更快推进健康相关目标实现的工作领域，如研发、数据和可持续资金投入。第三，我们承诺彼此负责，向我们所服务的人民负责，也向捐助者和合作伙伴负责，他们将资源托付给我们，并期望这些资源能产生效果。
解析 1．Both WHO’s constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights assert that health is a human right，not a privilege for those who can afford it．《世界卫生组织宪章》和联合国《世界人权宣言》都坚定认为，健康是一项人权，而不是有钱人才能享有的特权。
分析 增词减词类、语言措辞类
本句理解句意并不难，但翻译时仍需注意两点：第一，前半句中的专有名词Universal Declaration of Human Rights若仅直译为“(《世界卫生组织宪章》和)《世界人权宣言》”，容易产生歧义，因此可根据其出处增译“联合国”。第二，后半句的翻译需根据上下文语义合理组织语言措辞，若仅按字面意思直译为“不是那些能负担得起的人们的特权”，虽然句意无误但稍显哕嗦。因此，可考虑将those一词具体化，译为“有钱人”，而afford的常见词义为“担负／承担(得起严重后果)”“负担(得起费用、价格等)”“(能够)提供或给予……”等，可根据句中privilege(特权)和those(有钱人)所处的上下文语境，译为“享有／享受”，来传递英语原句中反对特权化的语义和语气。
2．Importantly, the right to health is not simply a noble idea on a piece of paper．It has been a platform for major improvements in global health．重要的是，健康权并不只是写在纸上的崇高理想，还一直是全球健康取得重大改善的指导纲领。
分析 句子结构类、语言措辞类
本句包含两个主谓宾结构的简单句，理论上可分别译为两个独立的译句，即“重要的是，健康权并不只是……”和“它一直是……的平台”。但根据其上下文语义，此处两个英语原句间存在前后递进关系，因此建议将两句合并译为一句，并根据汉语表达需要，增译“还”来加强后一句的语气并增强前后句之间的逻辑关系。整句中，platform一词的翻译需仔细斟酌，其常用含义为“平台”，但此处若直译为“健康权……是……的平台”似乎逻辑不够顺畅。考虑到本文选自世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞博士(Dr．Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus)有关“人权与全球健康”的一篇公共演讲以及platform一词在本文中的语境，将platform理解为(Government，Politics&Diplomacy)the declared principles，aims，etc.，of a political party,，an organization，or an individual更为合适，因此可译为“纲领／原则／主旨”等。另外，需要注意的是，此处不宜将a noble idea on a piece of paper译为“(健康权并不只是)纸上谈兵／一纸空话”，因为虽然汉语四字成语常有言简意赅、表达精练之优点，但考虑到“纸上谈兵／一纸空话”有“空谈理论，夸夸其谈，不解决实际问题”的贬义意味，语气强烈，与英语原句中的“崇高理想”存在些许差异，语气语义权衡之下，译为“写在纸上的崇高理想”虽直白但胜在措辞相对客观合理，符合原文文体特点。
3．And of course，we continue to face the ever-present threat of outbreaks and other health emergencies．当然，我们还会随时面临疫情暴发和其他卫生紧急情况的威胁。分析 词性转换类本句中，宾语threat有两个定语成分ever-present和of outbreaks and other health emergencies，若将其直译为“……面临疫情暴发和其他卫生紧急情况的随时存在的威胁”，则过于啰嗦冗长，因此翻译时应注意灵活处理，比如将形容词ever-present(随时存在的)进行词性转换，译为副词“随时”并置于句中谓语之前，这样既能平衡句式，又能加强语气，符合汉语的表达习惯。
4．We have managed to prevent Ebola from spreading across the border．as we have much better tools with which to fight Ebola than at any time in history．我们现在已经设法阻止了埃博拉病毒越境传播，因为我们拥有历史上最好的抗击埃博拉病毒的手段。
分析 篇章理解类、语言措辞类
本句的难点在于后半句中的比较级句式，翻译时要注意避免按照字面意思呆板直译。比如，若将其译为“我们拥有比历史上任何时期都要好的抗击埃博拉病毒的手段”，则句式冗长、表达啰嗦。对于此类情况，翻译时常根据上下文语境和语义，对文本进行灵活意译，在不拘泥于字面语义和句式的情况下，力求精准选词、言简意赅。比如，此处than at any time in history可意译为“历史上最好的”，亦能符合英语原句的语义内涵。
5．But this outbreak has been much more difficult to control，largely because of the security， situation in eastern DRC．但此次刚果民主共和国的疫情比以往更难控制，主要是因为其东部地区的安全局势。
分析 语言措辞类
本句在翻译时需注意汉语的表达习惯，若直译为“但此次疫情……，主要是因为刚果民主共和国东部地区的安全局势”也并无不可，只是句子结构和表述重心略显偏移，建议将DRC(刚果民主共和国)前置译为outbreak(疫情)的修饰限定成分，同时在翻译第二个小句时用代词“其”进行重复和照应，以保证汉语译句句式完整、逻辑合理。
6．Because there is simply no other way to achieve universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals than primary health care，with a focus on health promotion and disease prevention．因为加强初级卫生保健，并聚焦健康促进和疾病预防，是实现全民健康覆盖和“可持续发展目标”的唯一出路。
分析 句子结构类
本句句式较长且包含一个比较级结构，翻译起来有一定难度，因此译前需首先充分理解整句句意和语义重心，并在此基础上对英语原句中的比较级句式进行灵活处理。比如，there is simply no other way…than…若直译为“除了……再也没有其他的方法／别无他法……”，不仅表达啰嗦拗口，than后面的语义重点亦无法做到有效凸显，因此可考虑将primary health care，with a focus on health promotion and disease prevention前置译为汉语译句的主语，而there is simply no other way则根据上下文语义采取正反译法，译为“唯一出路”。同时，根据汉语表达习惯和表述需要，增译动词“加强”，并将名词focus进行词性转换后译为动词“聚焦”，从而使汉语译句的主语部分呈整齐的并列动宾结构以凸显其重要性。
7．Second，we have committed to accelerate progress by identifying areas of work in which we can make more rapid progress towards the health-related goals，like research and development．data and sustainable financing．其次，我们承诺加快进度，确定能够更快推进健康相关目标实现的工作领域，如研发、数据和可持续资金投入。
分析 篇章理解类、句子结构类
本句句式较长，翻译时可先将英语原句中的语义重点提炼出来，即have committed to accelerate progress，identify areas of work和make more rapid progress towards the health-related goals(in these areas of work)，然后再根据前后句语义和逻辑关系，译为“我们承诺加快……，确定……的工作领域”。其中，定语从句中的逻辑主语we可省译，而make…progress of…一则可译为“推进……实现”，以使“工作领域”的定语部分精练达意，并符合汉语表达习惯。
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