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  3. 　　Many psychologists, myself included, use the third-person perspective theme in their work in a variety of ways. Narrative ther

　　Many psychologists, myself included, use the third-person perspective theme in their work in a variety of ways. Narrative ther

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问题 　　Many psychologists, myself included, use the third-person perspective theme in their work in a variety of ways. Narrative therapy, for example, encourages clients to look at troublesome thoughts or tragic events from a bird’s-eye view instead of from their own perspective. It’s an effective way to view frustrating events from a distance, reduce the emotional intensity and get an objective perspective that allows you to consider other factors that the emotional brain eclipses. Other forms of this theme include first-name self-talk in which you refer to yourself by name or use third-person pronouns such as "he" "she" or "they".
    University of Michigan psychologist Ethan Kross conducted research into the value of first-name self-talk as a way to disable social anxiety before and after a stressful event when people often ruminate about their performance. Kross gave 89 participants five minutes to prepare a speech. Half were told to use only "I" to refer to themselves while the other half were told to use their names. The "I" group had greater anxiety with such comments as, "There’s no way I can prepare a speech in five minutes," while the name group had less anxiety and expressed confidence using self-talk such as, "Bryan, you can do this. " The name group was also rated higher in performance by independent evaluators and were less likely to ruminate after the speech. Other studies also show that first-name self-talk is more likely to empower you and increase the likelihood that, compared to someone using "I" self-talk, you see a challenge instead of a threat.
    Clayton Critcher and David Dunning at the University of California at Berkeley conducted a series of studies showing that positive affirmations function as " cognitive expanders," bringing a wider perspective to diffuse the brain’s tunnel vision of self-threats. Their findings show that self-affirmations help us transcend the zoom-lens mode by engaging the wide-angle lens of the mind. Self-affirmations helped research participants see themselves more fully in a broader self-view, bolstering their self-worth.
    Studies from the University of Wisconsin show that compassion and kindness affect brain regions that make you more empathetic. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), researchers discovered that brain circuits used to detect emotions were dramatically changed in subjects who had extensive practice in positive meditation. Instead of coming down hard on yourself, loving-kindness gives you an outside perspective, helping you bounce back quicker. A survey of 119 Carleton University students who took the viewpoint of an outside observer after procrastinating on the first midterm exam were less likely to delay studying for the second one.
    These findings contribute to a growing body of research which shows that retrieving memories is an active process. Adopting an observer-like perspective involves viewing the past in a way which requires greater interaction among brain regions that support our ability to recall the details of a memory and to recreate mental images in our mind’s eye.
Ethan Kross’s research show that ________.
选项 A、the way people address themselves impacts their self-esteem
B、it is natural to feel anxious and depressed before a stressful event
C、public speaking offers a great opportunity to enhance self-confidence
D、not every one can see a challenge as an opportunity
答案A
解析 细节题。根据题干关键词Ethan Kross定位到第二段。他的研究发现，在一项令人焦虑的事情发生前，用“我”来称呼自己会让自己更不自信、更焦虑，而用自己的名字来称呼自己反而会更加从容，因此答案选[A]。[B][C]文中没有提到；文中说的是用名字称呼自己更有可能让你看到挑战而不是威胁，[D]转述有误。
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