首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
→ Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36-38℃ for most mammals and 39-42℃ for most birds
→ Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36-38℃ for most mammals and 39-42℃ for most birds
admin
2012-01-14
44
问题
→ Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36-38℃ for most mammals and 39-42℃ for most birds) that is usually considerably warmer than the environment. Because heat always flows from a warm object to cooler surroundings, birds and mammals must counteract the constant heat loss. This maintenance of warm body temperature depends on several key adaptations. The most basic mechanism is the high metabolic rate of endothermy itself. Endotherms can produce large amounts of metabolic heat that replace the flow of heat to the environment, and they can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss.
Heat production is increased by such muscle activity as moving or shivering.
In some mammals, certain hormones can cause
mitochondria
to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of
ATP
. This nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) takes place throughout the body, but some mammals also have a tissue called brown fat in the neck and between the shoulders that is specialized for rapid heat production. Through shivering and NST, mammals and birds in cold environments can increase their metabolic heat production by as much as 5 to 10 times above the
minimal
levels that occur in warm conditions.
→ Another major thermoregulatory adaptation that evolved in mammals and birds is insulation (hair, feathers, and fat layers), which reduces the flow of heat and lowers the energy cost of keeping warm. Most land mammals and birds react to cold by raising their fur or feathers, thereby trapping a thicker layer of air.A Humans rely more on a layer of fat just beneath the skin as insulation; goose bumps are a vestige of hair-raising left over from our furry ancestors. B Vasodilation and vasoconstriction also regulate heat exchange and may contribute to regional temperature differences within the animal.C For example, heat loss from a human is reduced when arms and legs cool to several degrees below the temperature of the body core, where most vital organs are located. D
→ Hair loses most of its insulating power when wet. Marine mammals such as whales and seals have a very thick layer of insulation fat called blubber, just under the skin. Marine mammals swim in water colder than their body core temperature, and many species spend at least part of the year in nearly freezing polar seas. The loss of heat to water occurs 50 to 100 times more rapidly than heat loss to air, and the skin temperature of a marine mammal is close to water temperature. Even so, the blubber insulation is so effective that marine mammals maintain body core temperatures of about 36-38℃ with metabolic rates about the same as those of land mammals of similar size. The flippers or tail of a whale or seal lack insulating blubber, but countercurrent heat exchangers greatly reduce heat loss in these extremities, as they do in the legs of many birds.
→ Through metabolic heat production, insulation, and vascular adjustments, birds and mammals are capable of astonishing feats of thermoregulation. For example, small birds called chickadees, which weigh only 20 grams, can remain active and hold body temperature nearly constant at 40℃ in environmental temperatures as low as -40℃—as long as they have enough food to supply the large amount of energy necessary for heat production.
Many mammals and birds live in places where thermoregulation requires cooling off as well as warming. For example, when a marine mammal moves into warm seas, as many whales do when they reproduce, excess metabolic heat is removed by vasodilation of numerous blood vessels in the outer layer of the skin. In hot climates or when vigorous exercise adds large amounts of metabolic heat to the body, many terrestrial mammals and birds may allow body temperature to rise by several degrees, which enhances heat loss by increasing the temperature gradient between the body and a warm environment.
→ Evaporative cooling often plays a key role in dissipating the body heat. If environmental temperature is above body temperature, animals gain heat from the environment as well as from metabolism, and evaporation is the only way to keep body temperature from rising rapidly. Panting is important in birds and many mammals. Some birds have a pouch richly supplied with blood vessels in the floor of the mouth; fluttering the pouch increases evaporation. Pigeons can use evaporative cooling to keep body temperature close to 40℃ in air temperatures as high as 60℃, as long as they have sufficient water. Many terrestrial mammals have sweat glands controlled by the nervous system. Other mechanisms that promote evaporative cooling include spreading saliva on body surfaces, an adaptation of some kangaroos and rodents for combating severe heat stress. Some bats use both saliva and urine to
enhance
evaporative cooling.
Glossary
ATP: energy that drives certain reactions in cells
mitochondria: a membrane of ATP
Why does the author mention chickadees in paragraph 4?
选项
A、To discuss an animal that regulates heat very well
B、To demonstrate why chickadees have to eat so much
C、To mention an exception to the rules of thermoregulation
D、To give a reason for heat production in small animals
答案
A
解析
.. capable of astonishing feats of thermoregulation. For example, small birds called chickadees... hold body temperature nearly constant." Choice B is not correct because the food supply supports thermoregulation, which is the main point of the example. Choice C is not correct because chickadees are capable of astonishing feats of thermoregulation. Choice D is not correct because the reason for heat production in animals is explained before the example of the chickadee.
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/BKlYFFFM
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-E,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-E,onyouranswersheet.Ayoungpeople
Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-E,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-E,onyouranswersheet.Ayoungpeople
ClassifythefollowingcharacteristicsasrelatingtoASocialScienceBMedicalScienceCBothSocialScienceandMedicalScien
【21】WhatisunusualaboutthewayBrailleiswritten?
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.HowtokillbadinsectsChemicalmethodsThesesolutions
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.GENERALCOURSEDETAILSTheBiologycoursesareavailablefor
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.What’slikelytohappentotheguestsinthelongrun?
Whatdoesthepoliticiansaythegovernmentwilldointhefollowingareas?AincreaseexpenditureBmaintainthesamelevelof
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOtopicsdopeoplemostfrequentlyaskabout?Atheidealtemperaturesettingonthethermostat
NarratorListentoapartofadiscussioninabiologyclass.Basedonthediscussion,onthe"steepingstones",whatdoes
随机试题
深井泵在井下的工作状况比较复杂,虽然()千变万化,但是仍然有变化规律。
直接经验和间接经验的关系是()
非解剖式后牙多用于
A.水B.电解质C.纤维蛋白原D.白蛋白E.红细胞血清与血浆主要区别在于血清中不含
A.急性菌痢普通型B.中毒型菌痢C.急性菌痢轻型D.慢性菌痢急性发作型E.慢性菌痢隐匿型突起高热,面色青灰,出冷汗及脉细数,尿少见于
A.溶液型B.胶体溶液型C.固体分散型D.气体分散型E.微粒分散型醑剂属于()
用于类风湿关节炎治疗的改善病情抗风湿药联合治疗方案是
下列选项中,()不计人房屋建筑面积。
下列关于城市维护建设税的表述正确的有( )。
下列存储管理方案中,不能用移动技术解决碎片问题的是()。
最新回复
(
0
)