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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

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问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive(认识派的)researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary(金钱的)rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenhower of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance of or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenhower holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called taken economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
选项 A、the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B、the amount of monetary rewards for students’ creativity
C、the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D、the effects of external rewards on students’ performance
答案D
解析 本题要求判断心理学家们在谈论何种问题时意见分歧。依据文章第一段第一行、第三行Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity.(外部奖励，从热情洋溢的话语表扬到冷漠的现金，如何影响一个人的动机和创造力，对这一点，心理学家们采用完全不同的观点。)其中该句中的opposing和divided相对应。views和attitudes相对应，affect转化到名词effect，所以，D应为正确选择。
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