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  3. 【F1】The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photography’s fidelity to

【F1】The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photography’s fidelity to

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问题     【F1】The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photography’s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art 【F2】Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.
    【F3】Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves anything but making works of art. In the nineteenth century, photography’s association with the real world placed it in an ambivalent relation to art: late in the twentieth century an ambivalent relation exists because of the modernist heritage in art. That important photographers are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art, shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism; the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.
    【F4】Photographers’ disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photograph’s prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960’s.
    Photography, however,has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art.【F5】Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity—in short, an art.
【F2】
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答案为了反驳摄影是对现实没有灵魂的机械摹写的指责，摄影家断言：恰恰相反，摄影师观看事物的一种特有的形式，是对普通视觉的一种背离，是一种与绘画有同样价值的艺术。
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