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  3. Popular ideological assumptions about society change with the decades, as well as with the enlargement of knowledge. The analysi

Popular ideological assumptions about society change with the decades, as well as with the enlargement of knowledge. The analysi

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问题      Popular ideological assumptions about society change with the decades, as well as with the enlargement of knowledge. The analysis of the human genetic code published last week demonstrates that humans, genetically speaking, axe only twice as complicated as the fruit fly, and among them- selves share 99.9 percent of their genes.
     Culture and nurture count in making us what we turn out to be, although that will perhaps come as no great surprise to those outside the close world of academic theory.
     This part of the rediscovery of the wheel, since before positivism largely took over the social sciences in American universities in the 1950s, it was generally assumed by professors. As well as laymen, that culture had a great deal to do with how material civilization developed. Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:" We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing. ’
     That argument, however, relied on historical evidence and reasoning, which had come to be considered "soft" knowledge--unscientific, subjective, itself culture-bound--and, even more recently, as a self-serving tale told by white male parent in order to oppress the rest.
     To suggest that modern liberal civilization, science and technology emerged in Western Europe because of a particular cultural development linked to the assumptions, values and philosophies of classical Greece and Rome, the Jewish and Christian religions, and the ideas of the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, was thought to put down other civilizations where such development had not taken place.
     This notion," popular early in the 20th century", according to a New York Times report on the matter, is now "unsettling scholars and policymakers", since it "challenges the assumptions of market economists and liberal thinkers". These are nearly ail, to some degree, economic determinists.
    The matter is of practical concern in making policy. Take the worst case: the problem of contemporary Africa.
    Until the 1950s, Africa was generally considered to be a region of pre-modern cultures, developed among a variety of peoples originally practicing simple agriculture, or hunting and gathering. Some cultures were of great artistic complexity; ail had complex codes of value and ceremony; some were quite advanced politically, resembling in many respects European feudalism(灭亡), but all were without written languages or written knowledge.  
By "soft" knowledge it is meant that the argument for culture’s impact on society is ______.
选项 A、sound
B、unapproachable
C、groundless
D、naive
答案C
解析 语义题。第四段中指出，这种论点，即前文第二段所提及的文化对于社会的影响和作用被认为是一种soft knowledge，在soft knowledge后的破折号起解释的作用，即这种知识是“unscientific， subjective，culture-bound”，由此可以推知文化对于社会的影响和作用的观点是不科学的、主观的，故C项正确。
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