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  3. Most people believed that chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, were peaceful apes living an idyllic life in the African ra

Most people believed that chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, were peaceful apes living an idyllic life in the African ra

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问题     Most people believed that chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, were peaceful apes living an idyllic life in the African rainforest—until Jane Goodall, a zoologist, began her pioneering work in Gombe. It was she who first observed chimps eating meat. "I used to think that chimpanzees were basically vegetarians and perhaps consumed a few insects", she says.
【C1】______
    Since that time, chimp "murders" have been witnessed in other study sites at Mahale, in Tanzania, and Kibale and Ngogo in Uganda. Chimps involved in what has become known as "lethal raiding" follow a very specific pattern of behavior. Males go on a "border patrol"— walking silently in single file, searching for lone males from another group. When they find one, a number of males will hold him down, while the others beat him to death.
    According to Goodall’s observation, these attacks on strangers can last between 10 and 20 minutes and can be excessively brutal.
【C2】______
    Richard Wrangham, a professor at Harvard University, has made a striking comparison between himpanzee and man. In his opinion, there is only one other mammal in which the male will make deliberate attempts to go out and kill neighboring groups of the same species, and that is humans. And he calls it the Demonic Male Hypothesis for a very simple reason. "We think about this as being demonic male behavior because, of course, females don’t do it, " says Wrangham.
    In a sense, Wrangham’s hypothesis can be justified.
【C3】______
    But not all chimpanzee populations are as aggressive as Wrangham’s. Major projects in the Ivory Coast and the Congo have failed to record chimpanzees ever killing another individual.
    So there are people who argue that, though chimpanzees can certainly be aggressive, focusing on their violence is misguided. Professor Frans de Waal, from Emory University, says:
【C4】______
    Unsurprisingly, de Waal is not one of Wrangham’s greatest fans. Wrangham’s argument rests on our current assumption that chimpanzees and humans diverged from a common ancestor five to six million years ago. If chimps and humans are both violent, they are likely to share a genetic legacy for violence with this ancestor. "I’m not 100 percent convinced that the last common ancestor was chimpanzee-like, " says de Waal. He hints that there is another creature—like bonobo(倭黑猩猩), that is equally related to chimpanzees and humans and is not violent.
【C5】______
    However, what we do know is that neither chimpanzees nor bonobos are true windows to the human soul. Analyzing their behavior will not necessarily help us explain, condone or improve our own. Rather, we should study and conserve our closest living relatives for their own sakes.
[A]"Within their community, there’s a lot of co-operation, friendly behavior and conflict resolution. "
[B]The chimpanzee lives in troops of between 25 and 80, each with a dominant male. The home range of each troop varies from 18 to 21 sq km in the forest and 100 to 200 sq km in savannah, more open country. The territories of different troops often overlap one another within these different habitats.
[C]There is still a long way to go before we can unravel the relationship between man and the chimp or the bonobo. We can’t say for certain whether the Demonic Male Hypothesis is true or only until the day when the genetic codes for the chimpanzee and the bonobo are mapped out.
[D]The chimpanzee resembles man more closely than any other animal. It shows human qualities such as facial expressions, problem-solving abilities and a high level of parental care. The chimpanzee even suffers from human diseases such as malaria—and the chimpanzee and man are the only animals that can recognize themselves in a mirror!
[E]In the UK, men are 24 times more likely than women to kill or assault another person and 263 times more likely to commit a sexual offence. And, if they shared a capacity for cruelty with us, chimpanzees were even more like ourselves than we had believed.
[F]Not long after her meat-eating discovery, Goodall witnessed something far more momentous. The chimpanzees she was studying split into two groups, the Kasekela and the Kahama troops. In 1974, the first death of a member of the group at the hands of the Kasekela males was reported. Gradually the Kasekela group exterminated every one of its erstwhile companions.
[G]"The aggressors show patterns that they normally only show when they’re trying to kill an adult monkey—twisting a limb round and round, for example, tearing off the flesh, drinking blood. This is not like aggression within a community. "
【C2】
选项
答案G
解析 此项引用古多尔的原话，证明猩猩搏杀之惨烈。“黑猩猩发起凶猛的攻击，这种行为一般是在捕杀成年的猴子时才会表现出来——扯下对方的四肢，茹毛饮血。很难想象这样的争斗会发生在同类动物之间。”
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