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  3. Research on friendship has established a number of facts, some interesting, some even useful. Did you know that the average stud

Research on friendship has established a number of facts, some interesting, some even useful. Did you know that the average stud

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问题    Research on friendship has established a number of facts, some interesting, some even useful. Did you know that the average student has five to six friends, or that a friend who was previously an enemy is liked more than one who has always been on the right side? Would you believe that physically attractive individuals are preferred as friends to those less comely, and is it fair that physically attractive defendants are less likely to be found guilty in court? Unfortunately, such titbits do not tell us much more about the nature or the purpose of friendship.
   In fact, studies of friendship seem to implicate more complex factors. For example, one function friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold. Certainly we appear to project ourselves onto our friends; several studies have shown that we judge them to be more like us than they (objectively) are. This suggests that we ought to choose friends who are similar to us ("birds of a feather") rather than those who would be complementary ("opposites attract"). In our experiment, some developing friendships were monitored amongst first-year students living in the same hostel. It was found that similarity of attitudes (toward politics, religion and ethics, pastimes and aesthetics) was a good predictor of what friendships would be established by the end of the four months, though it had less to do with initial alliances — not surprisingly, since attitudes may not be obvious on first inspection.
   There have also been studies of pairings, both voluntary (married couples) and forced (student roommates), to see who remained together and who split up. Again, the evidence seems to favor similarity rather than complementarity as an omen of a successful relationship, though there is a complication: when marriage is concerned, once the field has been narrowed down to potential mates who come from similar backgrounds and share a broad range of attitudes and values, a degree of complementarity seems to become desirable. When a couple is not just similar but almost identical, something else seems to be needed. Similarity can breed contempt; it has also been found that when we find others obnoxious, we dislike them more if they are like us than when they are dissimilar.
   The difficulty of linking friendship with similarity of personality probably reflects the complexity of our personalities: we have many facets and therefore require a disparate group of friends to support us. This, of course, can explain why we may have two close friends who have little in common and indeed dislike each other. By and large, though, it looks as though we would do well to choose friends (and spouses) who resemble us. If this were not so, computer dating agencies would have gone out of business years ago.
Studies of marriage relationships indicate that______.
选项 A、exactly the same bases for success apply for ordinary friendship
B、it is, first of all, necessary to limit prospective partners to people from similar backgrounds
C、opposites get on better than similar personalities
D、the most successful are those between people who are alike but not exactly
答案D
解析    语义推理。第三段“the evidence seems to favor similarity rather than complementarity as an omen of a successful relationship”表明总的倾向是相似比互补更有利于成功建立关系。本段“…mates who come from similar backgrounds and share a broad range of attitudes and values，a degree of complementarity seems to become desirable．When a couple is not just similar but almost identical，something else seems to be needed”开始分析其复杂性，即大的前提是婚姻关系中二者的相似好于互补，但如果二人几乎完全相似则有缺陷，于是可以推导出结论，相似而不相同最有利于婚姻。【知识拓展】本题相当于简单的三段论逻辑。三段论推理是演绎推理中的一种简单推理方法。其基本操作是：大前提(一个包含大项或中项的命题)、小前提(一个包含小项或中项的命题)以及结论(一个包含小项和大项的命题)三部分。简单来讲，根据大前提和小前提推导出结论(一个符合一般性原则的特殊化陈述)。三段论是进行数学证明、办案、科学研究等活动时，能够得到正确结论的科学性思维方法之一，也在语义推理试题中经常采用。
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