2. 外语
  3. The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that o

The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that o

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问题     The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that of the classical Greeks. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligations and involvement in the collective community that were emphasized by the Greeks.  Freedom was to be realized by limiting the scope of governmental activity and political obligation and not through immersion in the collective life of the polis. The basic role of the citizen was to select governmental leaders and keep the powers and scope of public authority in check. On the liberal view, the. rights of citizens against the state were the focus of special emphasis.
    Over time, the liberal democratic notion of citizenship developed in two directions. First, there was a movement to increase the proportion of members of society who were eligible to participate as citizens--especially through extending the right of suffrage--and to ensure the basic political equality of all. Second, there was a broadening of the legitimate activities of government and a use of governmental power to redress imbalances in social and economic life. Political citizenship became an instrument through which groups and classes with sufficient numbers of votes could use the state power to enhance their social and economic well-being.
    Within the general liberal view of democratic citizenship, tensions have developed over the degree to which government can and should be used as an instrument for promoting happiness and well-being. Political philosopher Martin Diamond has categorized two views of democracy as follows. On the one hand, there is the "libertarian" perspective that stresses the private pursuit of happiness and emphasizes the necessity for restraint on government and protection of individual liberties. On the other hand, there is the "majoritarian" view that emphasizes the "task of the government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors of great wealth." The tensions between these two views are very evident today. Taxpayer revolts and calls for smaller government and less government regulation clash with demands for greater government involvement in the economic marketplace and the social sphere.
The author cites Martin Diamond in paragraph 3 because the author ______.
选项 A、regards Martin Diamond as an authority on political philosophy
B、wishes to refute Martin Diamond’s views on citizenship
C、needs a definition of the term "citizenship"
D、is unfamiliar with the distinction between libertarian and majoritarian concepts of democracy
答案A
解析 作者在第三段引用马丁·戴蒙德的话，因为作者把马丁·戴蒙德看作是政治哲学方面的权威。作者已在第二段提及，自由主义朝两个方向发展。他在第三段引用马丁·戴蒙德的观点来支持他自己的观点。
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