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  3. Economics has often been criticized as a science concerned only with the short term, to the exclusion of the consideration of ho

Economics has often been criticized as a science concerned only with the short term, to the exclusion of the consideration of ho

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问题     Economics has often been criticized as a science concerned only with the short term, to the exclusion of the consideration of how short-term goals affect long-term consequences. While it is true that economics is generally focused on achieving short-term maximization of resources, it must be kept in mind that the long-term is never neglected. One of the most intrinsic concepts in the field of economics is game theory, which examines how the choices immediately facing an individual will affect his subsequent breadth of choices that emerge afterward.
    For example, consider the case of a manager of a business who must decide whether to create a shoddy product, aware of the fact that ignorant buyers will buy an equal amount of the item regardless of its quality, since they know nothing about it yet. Assume that creating a shoddy product is less expensive than creating merchandise of higher quality. Short-term economics would argue that it is the best course of action for the manager to create the low-quality item, since the same reward would be achieved for a lower price.
    More properly applied economics, however, would demand further consideration, taking into account the long-term. While creating a shoddy product in the long term would boost short-term profits, it would also cause buyers not to purchase from the manager’s company in the future, resulting in a significant loss in long-term profits. Consequently, the boost in short-term profit would have to be weighed against the loss in long-term profits, providing a more realistic and applicable aspect to the decision making process. When game theory comes into play, economics becomes a more useful tool in real-world situations.
    Having examined the way in which game theory is applied, its name now makes sense. Game theory is similar to a chess game, in which the effects of one’s choices on the other players in "the game" must be considered prior to action. In that sense, the application of economics to practical decision-making becomes at once more complicated yet more sensible. One must always be thinking ahead and anticipating future scenarios based on current situations, for although economics is concerned with maximization, maximization is a long-term, not a short-term, goal.
According to the text, which of the following is not necessarily true?
选项 A、Excluding game theory, economics is a short-sighted science.
B、Game theory is only properly applied when future decisions are considered.
C、Maximization is a goal that can only be achieved in the long-term.
D、Game theory leads managers to make correct decisions with the application of economics.
答案D
解析 属事实细节题。选项A与第一段第二、三句内容相符(经济学关注的焦点是资源短期收益最大化，但长期目标从未被忽视过。博弈理论就是这样一个例子)。选项B与最后一段第一句意思相符(博弈理论就像在下象棋，一方的决定对对手产生的影响必须在走棋前就考虑清楚)。选项C与文章最后一句意思相符(经济学关注的是效益的最大化，这是一个长期的目标)。选项D与第三段最后两句意思不符(运用博弈理论：和经济学中的短期收益理论，会对做出正确的决策有帮助)，因此，选项D是本题答案。
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