首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Observing Behavior People do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behavior. However, there are differe
Observing Behavior People do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behavior. However, there are differe
admin
2014-07-25
27
问题
Observing Behavior
People do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behavior. However, there are differences in daily-life observation and research observation.
A. Differences
—daily life observation
-casual
-(1)______ (1)______
-dependence on memory
—research observation
-(2)______ (2)______
-careful record keeping
B. Ways to select samples in research
—time sampling
-systematic: e.g. fixed intervals every hour
-random: fixed intervals but (3)______ (3)______
Systematic sampling and random sampling are often used in combination.
— (4)______ (4)______
-definition: selection of different locations
-reason: humans’ or animals’ behaviour (5)______across circumstances (5)______
-(6)______: more objective observations (6)______
C. Ways to record behavior (7)______ (7) ______
—observation with intervention
-participant observation: researcher as observer and participant
-field experiment: researcher (8)______over conditions (8)______
— observation without intervention
-purpose; describing behaviour (9)______ (9)______
_(10)_____: no intervention (10)______
-researcher: a passive recorder
Observing Behavior
Good morning, everyone! Today we’ll look at how to observe behavior in research. Perhaps you would say it’s easy in that there’s nothing extraordinary. Yes, you may be right. All of us observe behavior every day. For example, when traveling in another country, we can avoid embarrassment by observing how people behave in that culture. And failing to be observant while walking or driving can be life-threatening.
We learn by observing people’s behavior. Researchers, too, rely on their observations to learn about behavior, but there are differences. For instance, when we observe casually, we may not be aware of factors that bias our observations. And, and when we rarely keep formal records of our observations, instead, we rely on our memory of events. Observations in research, on the other hand, are made under precisely defined conditions, that is, in a systematic and objective manner, and with careful record-keeping. Then how are we going to conduct observations in our research studies and what do we need to do in order to make a scientific and objective observation?
Now as you remember, the primary goal of observation is to describe behavior. But it is, in reality, impossible to observe and describe all of a person’s behavior. So we have to rely on observing samples of people’s behavior. In doing so, we must decide whether the samples represent people’s usual behavior. Thus, we’ll first take a brief look at how researchers select samples of behavior. Before conducting an observation or study, researchers must make a number of important decisions. That’s about when and where observations will be made. As I’ve said before, the researcher cannot observe all behavior. Only certain behaviors occurring at particular times in specific settings can be observed. In other words, behavior must be sampled. In this lecture, I’ll briefly introduce two kinds of sampling, that is, time sampling and situation sampling.
Now first, time sampling. Time sampling means that researchers choose various time intervals for their observation. Intervals may be selected systematically or randomly. Suppose we want to observe students’ classroom behavior. Then in systematic time sampling, our observations might be made during five twenty-minute periods beginning every hour. The first observation period could begin at 9 a.m., the second at 10 a.m. and so forth. However, in random sampling, these five twenty-minute periods may be distributed randomly over the course of the day; that is to say, intervals between observation periods could vary, some longer, others shorter.
One point I’d like to make is, systematic and random time sampling are not always used in isolation. They are often combined in studies. For example, while observation intervals are scheduled systematically, observations within an interval are made at random times. That means the researcher might decide to observe only during fifteen-second intervals, but randomly distributed within each twenty-minute period.
Now let’s come to situation sampling. Then what is situation sampling? It involves studying behavior in different locations and under different circumstances and conditions. By sampling as many different situations as possible, researchers can reduce the chance that their observation results will be particular to a certain set of circumstances and conditions. Why? Because people, or for that manner animals, do not behave in exactly the same way across all situations. For example, children do not always behave the same way with one parent as they do with the other parent, and animals do not behave the same way in zoos as they do in the wild. So by sampling different situations, a researcher can make more objective observations than he would in only a specific situation.
Having discussed ways to sample behavior in research, we are now moving on to another issue, that is, what researcher should do to record behavior as it occurs, that is, whether researchers are active or passive in recording behavior. This refers to the methods of observation. Observational methods can be classified as observation with intervention, or observation without intervention.
Observation with intervention can be made in at least two ways — participant observation and field experiment. In participant observation observers, that is researchers, play a dual role. They observe people’s behavior and they participate actively in the situation they are observing. If individuals who are being observed know that the observer is present to collect information about their behavior, this is undisguised participant observation. But in disguised participant observation, those who are being observed do not know that they are being observed.
Another method of observation with intervention is field experiment. What is a field experiment? When an observer controls one or more conditions in a natural setting, in order to determine they’ve effect on behavior, this procedure is called field experiment. The field experiment represents the most extreme form of intervention in observational methods. The essential difference between field experiments and other observational methods is that researchers have more control in field experiments.
Now let’s take a look at observation without intervention. Observation without intervention is also called naturalistic observation, because its main purpose’s to describe behavior as it normally occurs, that is, in a natural setting, without any attempt by the observer to intervene. An observer using this method of observation acts as a passive recorder of what occurs. The events occur naturally and are not controlled by the observer.
OK, in today’s lecture we have focused on how to make decisions of sampling before beginning our observation, and what we can do during observation. I hope what we’ve discussed will help you in your future research design.
选项
答案
advantage
解析
根据本题所在位置可以推断,该空需要填入一个概括总结性的词语,与上面的definition以及advantage对应。而more objective observations是situation sampling与observation in only a specific situation相比存在的优势。故本题应填advantage“优势”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/xo0YFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、theythinkthatwillmaketheattendantsworkfasterB、theybelievefastmusiccanmakepeopleeatmoreC、timespentoneating
"Underprivilegedpeople"isoftenusedbythemassmediaasasubstitutefor"poorpeople".Linguistimlly,theformerisreferre
Languagechangeis
NoEnglishmanbelievesinworkingfrombooklearning.Hesuspectseverythingnew,anddislikesit,unlesshecanbecompelle
EducationalValuesDuringthefirstweekatNorthAmericanuniversities,studentsmustdoafewthingsinpreparation,solif
TheCloningTechnologyI.Thedifferencebetweena(1)______colonyandcloningamammalclarifytheillusion:Scientistshavebe
ThethreelargestcitiesinCanadadoNOTinclude______.
TheBibleitselfcontainsatotalof66booksandisdividedinto,twoparts,theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldT
Ofallthesymbols,______,whichareconsideredtorepresentfertilityandnewlife,arethosemostfrequentlyassociatedwithE
Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandsignedtheEmancipationProclamation.Thismomentousd
随机试题
马克思主义的根本理论特征是以实践为基础的()
肛门周围深部脓肿常发生
A、乌头碱B、中乌头碱C、消旋甲乌药碱D、次乌头碱E、乌头原碱附子中对心脏毒性较大的化学成分是
A.胎心率一过性变化B.胎心率基线C.早期减速D.变异减速E.晚期减速胎心率减速与宫缩无固定关系,减速幅度大,持续时间不等,恢复快的是
《民法通则》第一百三十六条规定,( )诉讼时效时间为1年。
1975年()开展房地产抵押券的期货交易,标志着金融期货交易的开始。
从十一届三中全会到20世纪80年代中期,在邓小平的领导下,中国共产党和中国政府创造性地发展了以毛泽东为代表的党的第一代领导集体的设想,提出并全面阐述了“一国两制”的战略构想,其核心目的是()。
消费者自主选择权的具体内容应当包括()。
(电子表格题)正则明事务所的统计员小任需要对本所外汇报告的完成情况进行统计分析,并据此计算员工奖金。按照下列要求帮助小任完成相关的统计工作并对结果进行保存:在数据区域的最右侧增加“完成情况”列,在该列中按以下规则、运用公式和函数填写统计结果:当左侧三项
GoodWritingEducatorsinEnglish-speakingcountrieshavedevelopedasetofbasiccharacteristicsofgoodEnglishwriting—u
最新回复
(
0
)