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  3. Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burd

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burd

admin2022-07-19  14
问题     Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics— the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
    As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
    But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can’t yet give a robot enough ’common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
    Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
    What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.
According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can________.
选项 A、fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
B、interact with human beings verbally
C、have a little common sense
D、respond independently to a changing world
答案D
解析 本题关键词是beyond man’s ability和robot，问题是人类现在还没有能力设计出哪种机器人。可定位在第三段。根据第三段，下一个阶段的机器人应该能够自己(for themselves)做一些决定，目前我们仍不能使机器人与这个动态的世界(dynamic world)进行可靠的互动，即目前机器人尚不能够独立地做一些决定以及与动态的世界进行可靠的互动。选项D正好是第三段的全面概括，而且for themselves与该选项中的independently(独立地)，dynamic world与该选项中的changing world(变化的世界)是同义替换，所以为正确选项。选项A正反混淆，因为从第二段第五句可知，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到亚毫米的脑部和骨科手术，即人类现在已经有能力设计出能够完成像脑外科手术那样的精细任务的机器人。选项B也属于正反混淆，因为从第二段第三句可知，自动柜员机会以机械的礼貌感谢你的惠顾，即人类现在已经有能力设计出能够与人类进行语言交流的机器人。选项C来自第三段第二句中的"we can’t yet give a robot enough ’common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world."原文说的是我们还不能赋予机器人以足够的“常识”，即人类还是能够赋予机器人一些“常识”的，所以选项C偷换概念。第三段：机器人要进一步发展仍然面临巨大的挑战。
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