2. 外语
  3. One of the central diagnostic criteria for Autistic Spectrum Disorders(ASD)(自闭症)is a failure to develop peer relationships and c

One of the central diagnostic criteria for Autistic Spectrum Disorders(ASD)(自闭症)is a failure to develop peer relationships and c

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问题     One of the central diagnostic criteria for Autistic Spectrum Disorders(ASD)(自闭症)is a failure to develop peer relationships and clinicians examine how the child conceptualizes and demonstrates friendship skills. Normal children’s conception of friendship changes over time and it is notable that children with autism often have an immature and unusual definition of friendship. The, research literature on the concept of friendship indicates the following levels between early childhood and adolescence.

    The child in the first level who is approximately 3 to 6 years old recognizes that games and activities cannot happen unless there is an element of turn taking but there is an egocentric or simple conceptualization of friendship in terms of defining a friend as someone who gives you things or someone you play with. Friendship is based on proximity and physical attributes.
    For the children who are in level 2, about 6 to 9 years old, there is an increasing understanding of the concepts of reciprocity and mutual rather than one-way assistance. The likes and dislikes of the other person are more likely to be considered with friendship based on how closely each friend matches their self-interest, for example, in liking similar games. There is also a new awareness of the motives, thoughts and feelings of others.
    The 9-year-old to 13-year-old children who are in level 3 are more aware of other people’s opinions on them and how their words and actions affect the feelings of others. They are more careful in what they say and do because it may be hurtful to someone. Friendship can be based on shared experience or common interests and helping becomes more valued than simply playing together. There is a greater selectivity in choosing friends, a gender split and a greater durability in the relation-ship. There is increased value placed on personal attributes such as trust, loyalty and keeping rather than breaking promises.
    For the highest level of adolescence, peer group acceptance becomes more important than the opinions of parents. There is a greater depth and breadth of self disclosure, desire to be understood by friends and recognition that there are different types of friendship — from acquaintances to close friends with autonomous inter-dependence.
    When children with ASD are asked what makes a good friend, clinical experience suggests that a common response is a list almost exclusively of actions that a friend should not do, e. g. bully or tease you, which indicates that the child has experienced a disproportionate level of negative experiences in their peer relation-ships. They know what a friend should not do but have little idea what they should do.
According to the passage, which of the following friendships belongs to the third level?
选项 A、Mary trusts her friend Joan for her honesty.
B、Tom and John both love football and become friends.
C、Jack wants to get his friends’ understanding.
D、Mary gives Joan a toy and they become friend later.
答案A
解析 推理判断题。文中第四段介绍了第三阶段儿童建立友谊的特点，其中一点是更懂得注重品质，由此我们推断[A]项正确。[B]项是共同的兴趣爱好，属于第二个阶段，[C]项是希望得到朋友的理解，属于最后一个阶段，[D]项分享自己的玩具，属于第一阶段。
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