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  3. Foods That Fight Disease With remarkable consistency, recent research has found that a diet high in plant -based foods—fruit

Foods That Fight Disease With remarkable consistency, recent research has found that a diet high in plant -based foods—fruit

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问题                                  Foods That Fight Disease
    With remarkable consistency, recent research has found that a diet high in plant -based foods—fruits, vegetables, dried peas and beans, grains, and starchy staples such as potatoes — is the body’s best weapon in thwarting many health - related problems. These foods work against so many diseases that the same healthy ingredients you might use to protect your heart or ward off cancer will also benefit your intestinal tract and bones.
    Here’s what is currently known about these different disease -fighting foods. Cancer Fighters
    Preventing cancer is a compelling reason to load up your cart in the produce department. Scientists have recently estimated  that approximately 30 to 40 percent of all cancers could be averted if people ate more fruits, vegetables, and plant - based foods and minimized high -fat, high -calorie edibles that have scant nutritional value. Up to 70 percent of cancers might be eliminated if people also stopped smoking, exercised regularly, and controlled their weight.
    In the past, researchers had linked fat consumption with the development of cancers, but they currently believe that eating fruits, vegetables, and grains may be more important in preventing the disease than not eating fat. "The evidence about a high- fat diet and cancer seemed a lot stronger several years ago than it does now," says Melanie Polk, a registered dietitian and director of nutrition education at the American Institute for Cancer Research.
    Although scientists are still not certain about the specifics, they’re beginning to close in on the healthful constituents of plant- based foods. In particular, they’re looking closely at two components antioxidants and phytochemicals.
    Antioxidants. The antioxidants (carotenoids, such as beta carotene and lycopene, and vitamins C and E) found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant -based foods fight free radicals, which are compounds in the body that attack and destroy cell membranes. The uncontrolled activity of free radicals is believed to cause many cancers.
    The carotenoids, in particular, which give fruits and vegetables their bright yellow, orange, and red colors, are now gaining recognition for their nutritional worth. Numerous studies have extolled the virtues of lycopene (the carotenoid that makes tomatoes red) in preventing prostate cancer. One such study at Harvard University found that men who include tomato products in their meals twice a week could reduce their risk of developing prostate cancer by one third compared with men who never touch tomatoes.
    Other lycopene - rich foods, such as watermelon, red grapefruit, and guava, are now piquing the interest of researchers. Watermelon not only yields more lycopene per serving (15 mg in 11/2 cups) than raw tomatoes (11 mg per 11/2 cups), but it’s also a rich source of vitamins A and C.
    Can watermelon help reduce the incidence of cancer? No one knows for sure because there haven’ t been sufficient studies. "We assume that we’ll see benefits," says Penelope Perkins Veazie, Ph. D., a research scientist with the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service. Researchers there plan to compare people who eat watermelon with those who eat processed tomatoes because cooking enhances lycopene absorption—o see which group absorbs more lycopene. (A 11/2 cup serving of tomato sauce packs 53 mg of lycopene. )
    Phytochemicals. The phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables protect the body by stunting the growth of malignant cells. Phytochemicals, naturally occurring substances, include indoles ( [生化]吲哚) in cabbage or cauliflower, saponins ( [生化]皂角苷 ) in peas and beans, and isoflavones (异黄酮) in soy milk and tofu. Investigators have only an inkling of how many phytochemicals exist and how they work. They are confident, however, that you can get a basketful of anti- cancer nutrients by mixing and matching at least five servings a day of fruits and vegetables with seven or more starchy or protein- rich plant foods such as grains, peas and beans, and potatoes.
    Supplements can help you get some of the benefits of these substances, but they are no replacement for real food. "When you take a supplement, you’re getting specific vitamins and minerals, but not the thousands of phytochemicals that might be present in fruits and vegetables," says registered dietitian Amy Jamieson of The Cleveland Clinic Foundation in Ohio. "If you eat a sweet potato with its skin, which is a great source of both beta carotene and fiber, you’ll consume at least 5,000 phytochemicals that aren’t present in a beta carotene supplement. That’s a really important difference." Bone - Building Foods
    The road to strong bones is paved with calcium - rich food. Leafy green vegetables and low - fat dairy products are excellent sources of calcium, the mineral that puts stiffness into your skeletal system and keeps your bones from turning rubbery and fragile.
    Your body uses calcium for more than keeping your bones strong. Calcium permits cells to divide, regulates muscle contraction and relaxation, and plays an important role in the movement of protein and nutrients inside cells. If you don’t absorb enough from what you eat to satisfy these requirements, your body will take it from your bones. Because your body doesn’t produce this essential mineral, you must continually replenish the supply. Even though the recommended daily a- mount is 1,200 mg, most adults don’ t eat more than 500 mg.
    One reason may have been the perception that calcium -rich dairy products were also loaded with calories. "In the past, women, in particular, worried that dairy products were high in calories," says Letha Y. Griffin, M. D. , of Peachtree Orthopaedics in Atlanta. "But today you can get calcium without eating any high - fat or high - calorie foods by choosing skim milk or low- fat yogurt." Also, low - fat dairy products contain phosphorous (磷) and magnesium (镁) and are generally  fortified with vitamin D, all of which help your body absorb and use calcium.
    If you find it difficult to include enough calcium in your diet, ask your doctor about supplements. They’re a potent way to get calcium as well as vitamin D and other minerals. But there’ s a downside. If you rely on pills in lieu of a calcium - rich diet, you won’t benefit from the other nutrients that food provides. Getting the recommended vitamin D may be easy, since your body makes the vitamin when your skin is exposed to the sun’s rays.
Investigators don’ t______how many phytochemicals exist and how they work.
选项
答案know much about
解析 在本文的第一大部分(Cancer Fighters)的第八段中就提到：Investigators have only an inkling of how many phytochemicals exist and how they work。句中的“have only an inkling of”即指“don’t know much”。
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