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  3. When Thomas Keller, one of America’s foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. 1st he would abolish the practice of tipping at per

When Thomas Keller, one of America’s foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. 1st he would abolish the practice of tipping at per

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问题     When Thomas Keller, one of America’s foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. 1st he would abolish the practice of tipping at per se his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping as they quickly made clear on Websites. To oppose tipping, it seems, is to be anti-capitalist, and maybe even a little French.
    But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it’s worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.
    Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. "Waiters know that they won’t get paid if they don’t do a good job" is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.
    Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell’s School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of students of tipping and has concluded that consumers assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.
    Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled. In the words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good.Mr. Lynn’s studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers.
    What’s more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call "upwelling": every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server’s pocket. Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goes unrecognized.
    In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter. In an unreasonable outcome, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. Indeed, there appear to be little connection between tipping and good service.
We may infer from the context that "upwelling"(Line 3, Para. 6)probably means______.
选项 A、selling something up
B、selling something fancy
C、selling something unnecessary
D、selling something more expensive
答案D
解析 本题可采用“定义推测法”解题，文章中该词之后有冒号，也就是说冒号之后的语句是对该词的解释：…every bottle of imported water,every espresso and every．cocktail is extra money in the server’s pocket．其大意为：每一瓶进口矿泉水，每一杯浓缩咖啡，每一杯鸡尾酒都给服务员带来外快，也就是说服务员卖给顾客的每一件商品都加收了费用，因而比实际价格昂贵。由此确定选项D符合上下文逻辑语意，为本题答案。另外，该词所在句子的上一句提到了upwelling出现的原因：the tip increase as the bill increase。根据这句也可得出本题答案。
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