首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Global Developments Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of
Global Developments Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of
admin
2012-01-14
34
问题
Global Developments
Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of such a link is the contrast in life chances between people in developed and in less developed countries. A child born in, say, the United States or Switzerland is not a better or more deserving person than one born in Ethiopia or Brazil. Yet because of social forces beyond individual control, each child faces the prospect of living out a lifetime under utterly different material conditions. Why should this be? What can account for the fact that some societies have become heavily industrialized and economically advanced, while others are changing so much more slowly? Social scientists have offered two different explanations. One emphasizes a universal but uneven process of modernization and economic growth; the other focuses on a worldwide system of political and economic inequality. Some social scientists view development in terms of modernization, a process of economic, social and cultural change that facilitates the transition from pre-industrial to industrial society. Modernization theorists claim that the various countries of the world are converging on a basically similar social type, the modern industrialized society. Some 250 years ago, the developed countries of today also had
rudimentary
, pre-industrial economies, but because they modernized relatively quickly, they now have productive economies that offer high living standards. During the same period, however, the poor countries have been slow to modernize. Differences in development, therefore, are largely the result of uneven modernization; but as "modern" features spread from the developed to the less developed countries, they too will follow the path to industrialization and affluence. What kinds of change does modernization
entail
? Some modernization theorists emphasize a change in individual psychology. They claim that people in the developed societies are more likely to have a work ethic, a desire for achievement, a willingness to defer gratification, a sense of control over their destiny, a strong sense of individualism. In contrast, a lack of ambition, an orientation toward the present, a fatalistic outlook, and a weak sense of individualism are said to be typical of people in more traditional societies.
(A) [■] Other modernization theorists emphasize sweeping structural changes in society.
(B) [■] Traditional societies are more likely to have an extended family system, in which kinship obligations encourage people to remain, physically and socially, where they started.
(C) [■] Similarly, modernization involves such features as heavy urbanization, extensive schooling, advanced technology, low population growth, a legal-rational political system, and a range of sophisticated services such as efficient transport, banking and communications.
(D) [■] On the whole, these features are lacking or inadequate in less developed countries, where government is usually authoritarian, the population is predominately rural and ill educated, and the necessary services are not in place. Other social scientists view development in the context of the world system, a network of unequal economical and political relationships among the developed and the less developed countries.
This international system consists of a "core" of highly industrialized countries, and a "periphery" of less developed countries that are dependent on and exploited by those at the core.
World-system theorists point out that the peoples of the third world were quite capable of providing for themselves before "modern" ideas and technologies began to "diffuse" from the colonial powers. In fact, they claim, development and underdevelopment proceeded simultaneously over a period of more than two centuries as the richer countries financed their own industrial expansion by draining the surplus resources of the poorer ones. The colonial system finally broke down when the last of the colonies won their formal independence around the middle of the twentieth century. But by then a new international relationship had been established: neocolonialism, the informal political and economic domination of some societies by others, such that the former are able to exploit the labor and resources of the latter for their own purposes. In essence, the world system is a form of international stratification, with a wealthy minority enjoying a disproportionate share of the planet’s resources and using various means—political, economic, and sometimes military—to maintain their position.
In Paragraph 3, the author mentions an extended family system in order to illustrate that______.
选项
A、modernization results in wide-ranging structural changes in society
B、modernization leads to a change in individual psychology
C、modernization involves heavy urbanization and extensive schooling
D、modernization has side effects on less developed countries
答案
A
解析
本题为事实信息题,主要考查考生是否具备抓住文章中阐明的信息并排除干扰项的能力。根据文章第三段中间句子“Other modernization theorists emphasize sweeping structural changes in society(其他现代化理论学家强调社会结构的迅速变化)”可以看出,作者是为了说明此句的意思,所以举了传统社会大家庭的例子,因为大家庭就是传统社会结构的特征。而其他选项都不是此例子要说明的问题。所以选A。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/pAlYFFFM
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-F,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes32-35onyouranswersheet.
Inthelastdecadearevolutionhasoccurredinthewaythatscientiststhinkaboutthebrain.Wenowknowthatthedecisionshu
EducationPhilosophyA.Althoughwelackaccuratestatisticsaboutchildmortalityinthepre-industrialperiod,wedohave
TheEvolutionaryMystery:CrocodileSurvivesA.Eventhoughcrocodileshaveexistedfor200millionyears,they’reanything
WhichthreeforeignlanguagesaretraditionallytaughtintheUSA?Howmanystudentsarelearningtheleading15languages?
Gestures—especially______ones.Flashcardscanbedifferentcoloursaccordingtothe______.
Johnwasfirstinterestedinthesubjectbecauseofsomething______
Johnwasfirstinterestedinthesubjectbecauseofsomething______
LaughterThenatureoflaughterlaughterisa【L31】________process—involvesmovementandsounditiscontrolledbyour【
A、Thestrengthofoceancurrents.B、Themovementofsedimentdeepintheocean.C、Thebestmethodsforstudyingdeepoceanproce
随机试题
从20世纪60年代中期起,人们大都认为,群体的发展要经过五个阶段的标准程序,这五个阶段包括________、_______、__________、________、________。
6-磷酸果糖激酶-1的别构抑制剂是
分子量最大的免疫球蛋白是
A.青霉素GB.磺胺类药物C.大环内酯类药物D.头孢菌素类药物E.万古霉素对于耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)引起的严重肺部感染最有效的药物为()
关于土工合成材料膨润土垫(GCL)施工质量控制要点的说法,正确的有()。
现有两个电压表、一个电源、一个已知阻值为R0的电阻、一个开关和一些导线,要用以上器材测出未知阻值的电阻Rx.要求:分别画出两种不同方法的电路图;
唯物史观与唯心史观的对立主要表现在()。
设X1,X2,X3,X4,X5是来自总体N(1,4)的简单随机样本,
设曲线y=xn在点(1,1)处的切线交x轴于点(ξn,0),求
A、Donotusethisentrancetoreturnvehiclestothefactory.B、Factoryvehiclesareturninghereallthetime.C、Denotturnhe
最新回复
(
0
)