首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
admin
2017-03-07
39
问题
Different Types of Learning
I. The definition of learning
A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events
B.【T1】______ of subject’s changing behavior【T1】______
C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______
II. Two basic stages of learning
A【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______
B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______
III. Four types of learning
A Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______
— The common one in dog training
— Behavior produces event
which can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______
— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______
— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove
— Events/consequences change the behavior
B. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______
— Learning that things go together
— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______
— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______
— For humans, it’s likely to rain when it’s cloudy
C.【T11】______ learning【T11】______
— Also called single event learning
— Events are【T12】______【T12】______
— Dogs won’t perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise
— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______
D. Social learning
— As a result of being in social groups
— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______
— People learn from others
— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______
【T4】
Different Types of Learning
Good morning, everybody. Today, I’m going to talk about learning.
Let’s start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an association between events, and as a consequence the subject’s behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, 1earning is the process of recognizing how a living being’s actions change its environment, other beings’ actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish!
There are two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none: rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase "trial and error." Once armed with new information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage.
Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning.
Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, we’ll get burned. If we put on a raincoat, we’ll stay dry. This form of learning is characterized by Thorndike’s Law of Effect The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct.
Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors.
Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will not respond when it hears this noise: however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you won’t even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events.
Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic.
To sum up briefly, today we’ve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope you’ve enjoyed this lecture.
选项
答案
appropriately
解析
录音材料提到“一旦具备了新信息,就会在适当(appropriate)的时候使用”,由此可知答案为appropriately。要点提示词once后的信息常考,笔记中应特别注意。根据考题空格前的词可知,空白处应填入修饰acting的副词,故将词性转换。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/oZeMFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Thereasonwhypeopleputonweightatworkisthat______.
Thereareseveralpossiblerelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneiswhatsocialstructuremayeitherinfluenceordete
Kolb’sLearningStylesPsychologistDavidKolbpresentedhistheoryoflearningstylesin1984.I.Afour-stagecycleoflea
Ididn’tknowatthetimewhathappenednext.Sartorisdidn’ttellmeuntillater,afterward.Perhapsuptothattimehehadnot
______referstoawayofshorteningalongerwordintoashorterform.
Thereisonepartofwomen’smagazinesthateverymanreads.Itisthesectionpopularlyknownasthe"agonycolumns",wherewo
Whydidtheprotestersmakesuchaprotest?
ForMrs.Saxby,theresumeisall-important,becauseit
AgroupofthetownspeoplestoodonthestationsidingofalittleKansastown,awaitingthecomingofthenighttrain,whichwa
Ifourbrainswerecomputers,we’dsimplyaddachiptoupgradeourmemory.Thehumanbrain,therefore,ismore【M1】______comple
随机试题
从企业运营的角度来看,在生产控制中对供应商的控制属于()
向lmLpH=1.8的盐酸中加入水()才能使溶液的pH=2.8。
国际服务贸易发展的特征是
最有可能的诊断是此时应采取下列哪项检查
该壁柱墙的高厚比与下列______项数值接近。该山墙壁柱间墙的高厚比与下列______项数值接近。
无机结合料稳定类道路基层进入冬期施工,其特点和避害措施是()。
【背景资料】某施工单位在北方平原地区承建了一段长152km的双向四车道高速公路的路面工程,路面结构设计示意图如下:为保证工期,施工单位采用2台滑模摊铺机分左右幅同时组织面层施工,对行车道与硬路肩进行整体滑模摊铺。施工中发生如下事件:事件一:滑模摊铺前
描述企业是否具备应付特殊情况,满足始料末及的客户需求的能力的指标是______。
下列选项中,属于单务行为的是()
______wasconsideredtobethegreatestdramatistinthe18thcentury.
最新回复
(
0
)