2. 外语
  3. Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These hab

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These hab

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问题     Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
    "There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits," said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. "We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."
    The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
    If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins — are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
    A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
    "Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns," said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. "Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable (可行的)."
    Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through cruel and endless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics (手段) have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
The example of brushing teeth shows that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to
选项 A、perfected art of products
B、automatic behavior creation
C、commercial promotions
D、scientific experiments
答案C
解析 根据题干中的brushing teeth将本题出处定位到第四段末两句。该两句对比了今昔不同的刷牙习惯，并指出了造成这种不同的原因是shrewd advertising and public health campaigns。该段首句也指出许多产品是其制造者培养出来的习惯的结果(results of manufactured habits)，刷牙是这一观点的例证。综上可以得出，一些消费者习惯的变化是因为商业的推广，故答案为[C]。文中提到了一些牙膏品牌，但是这些产品是在商业宣传的作用下被人们接受的，而不是完美的产品艺术改变了人们的习惯，故排除[A]；[B]“自动的行为习惯”与该段末两句的信息矛盾，故排除；文中在末段提到“实验”只是 为了说明广告的作用，[D]是针对此句设的干扰项。
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