首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
I. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice A. A good and just society depends on (1)______of 3 groups of people: (1)______ — worker
I. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice A. A good and just society depends on (1)______of 3 groups of people: (1)______ — worker
admin
2012-05-18
25
问题
I. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice
A. A good and just society depends on (1)______of 3 groups of people: (1)______
— workers
— soldiers
— leaders
B. A good society can happen if workers and soldiers learn (2)______. (2)______
C. A person can be said to be good, Plato believes, if he brings
— desires
— emotions
— intellect
in (3)______ (3)______
II. Aristotle’s idea of Happiness
A. Aristotle is interested in (4)______ (4)______
Distinction between
1. extrinsic value &
2. intrinsic value
B. Distinction
1. extrinsic value not for themselves
2. intrinsic value (5)______ (5)______
e.g. 1. Exercise
If one emphasis the value of exercise for itself than he recognize
(6)______value of exercises (6)______
2. Health
If health enables me to do a lot of other things ,then health had (7)______(7)______
3. teaching
Teaching does not have (8)______for all people. (8)______
C. Happiness
1. All agree that happiness is (9)______to be valued for itself and only (9)______
for itself.
2. What is happiness?
His criteria is True human happiness should be the (10)______ (10)______
Aristotle’s Theory of Happiness
Today, we are going to discuss Aristotle’s ethical theory. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. What Aristotle’s ethical theory all about is to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is.
Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It’s not just because it’s something that all people want or aim for. It’s more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction. Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value.
To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction.
Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves. If I value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call "extrinsic value.?" Other things we desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone. If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has "intrinsic value."
Exercise. There may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don’t. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I if I didn’t. So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically ... not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health.
Health. Why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more complicated for me. Urn, health is important for me because I can’t... do other things I want to do—play music, teach philosophy—if I’m ill. So health is important to me—as value to me—as a means to a productive life. But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy—it feels good. It’s pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be. So to some degree I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity. It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me.
Then there are some things that are just valued for themselves. I’m a musician, not a professional musician; I just play a musical instrument for fun. Why do I value playing music? Well, like most amateur musicians, I only play, because, well, I enjoy it. It’s something that’s an end in itself.
Now, something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income, but I could make more money doing other things. I’d do it even if they didn’t pay me. I just enjoy teaching. In that sense it’s an end to itself.
But teaching’s not something that has intrinsic value for all people—and that’s true generally. Most things that are enjoyed in and of themselves vary from person to person. Some people value teaching intrinsically, but others don’t.
So how does all this relate to human happiness? Well, Aristotle asks: is there something that all human beings value ... and value only intrinsically, for its own sake and only for.its own sake? If you could find such a thing, that would be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings. Aristotle thought the answer was yes. What is it? Happiness. Everyone will agree, he argues, that happiness is the ultimate end to be valued for itself and really only for itself. For what other purpose is there in being happy? What does it yield? The attainment of happiness becomes the ultimate or highest good for Aristotle.
The next question that Aristotle raises is: what is happiness? We all want it; we all desire it; we all seek it. It’s the goal we have in life. But what is it? How do we find it? Here he notes, with some frustration, people disagree.
But he does give us a couple of criteria, or features, to keep in mind as we look for what true human happiness is. True human happiness should be, as he puts it, complete. Complete in that it’s all we require. Well, true human happiness ... if you had that, what else do you need? Nothing.
And, second, true happiness should be something that I can obtain on my own. I shouldn’t have to rely on other people for it. Many people value fame and seek fame. Fame for them becomes the goal. But, according to Aristotle, this won’t work either, because fame depends altogether too much on other people. I can’t get it on my own, without help from other people.
Now, we have learned about Aristotle’s ethical theory. I hope you’ll find it useful in guiding your own life and make it a happy one.
选项
答案
intrinsic
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/ntjYFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Ethnographyisthestudyofaparticularhumansocietyortheprocessofmakingsuchastudy.Contemporaryethnographyisbased
Moderatedrinkingreducesstrokerisk,studyconfirms.Similartothewayadrinkortwoadayprotectsagainstheartattacks,m
JazzJazzbeganintheearly20thcenturyasamusicof【1】______Americans.Thefirst【1】______jazzr
EconomicconditionshaveimprovedduringthepastdecadeinmanyNorthAmericanandEuropeanCBDs,primarilybecauseofanunpre
A、aresuspectedoflaunchingmilitantattacksonWesternersB、arebelievedtobeconnectedwithOsamaBinLadenC、havecondemned
ThetradeandinvestmentrelationshipbetweentheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStatesisthemostimportantintheworld.Despi
Aspeopleage,theircellsbecomelessefficientandlessablereplacedamagedcomponents.Atthesametimetheirtissuesstiffe
A、willanswertheirshort-termneedsB、doesnotrequireimmediateinvestmentC、willhelptheirplanningproceduresD、focuseson
中国是一个发展中国家,也是一个负责任的国家。中国愿意为推进合作共赢、实现可持续发展做出自己的贡献。中国保持经济快速健康发展,对全球经济及地区经济发展有利。改革开放20多年来,中国经济年均增长9.4%,不仅成功解决了十几亿人的温饱问题,而且使中国人民的生活总
TheEnglishVocabularyVocabularyisacompleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguage.Itcanbedividedintoactivevocabulary
随机试题
A、丁溴东莨菪碱B、溴丙胺太林C、氯化琥珀胆碱D、苯磺酸阿曲库铵E、氢溴酸东莨菪碱()分子中没有季铵盐结构。
患者女,38岁,医生诊断为卵巢癌,今日手术,护士协助患者床上翻身活动应在手术后()
国家建设主管部门为了加强建筑工程质量管理,规范建筑工程施工质量的验收,保证工程质量,制定相应的标准和规范。这些标准、规范主要是从技术角度,为保证房屋建筑各行业专业工程的()而提出的一般性要求。
A企业采用分期收款方式销售商品,2004年5月10日发出商品2000件,每件售价100元,成本为每件80元,增值税率17%。合同约定,分4次付款,产品发出时付款70%,以后每个月初各付款10%,则S企业5月份应结转的主营业务成本为()元。
在到期日或到期日之前,以固定价格购进一种资产的权利合约是()。
运输结点具有()。这一功能将各个运输线路联结成一个系统,以便各个线路通过结点变得更为贯通,并且通过转换使运输更好地衔接在一起。
执行下面程序,单击Command1按钮,则在窗体上显示的第一行内容是 (8) ,第二行内容是 (9) ,最后一行内容是 (10) 。OptionExplicitPrivateSubCommand1_Click()DimaAsInteger
下列选项中,不属于“软件危机”产生的主要原因的是()。
Theyignoredhim,despitehisrepeated______thathewasnotonthesceneofmurderthatevening.
Onetypeofpersonthatiscommoninmanycountriesistheonewhoalwaystriestodoaslittleaspossibleandtogetasmuchi
最新回复
(
0
)