2. 外语
  3. Most people complain of fortune, few of nature; and the kinder they think the latter has been to them, the more they murmur at w

Most people complain of fortune, few of nature; and the kinder they think the latter has been to them, the more they murmur at w

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问题    Most people complain of fortune, few of nature; and the kinder they think the latter has been to them, the more they murmur at what they call the injustice of the former.
   Why have not I the riches, the rank, the power, of such and such, is the common expostulation with fortune; but why have not I the merit, the talents, the wit, or the beauty, of such and such others, is a reproach rarely or never made to nature.
   The truth is, that nature, seldom profuse, and seldom niggardly, has distributed her gifts more equally than she is generally supposed to have done. Education and situation make the great difference. Culture improves, and occasions elicit, natural talents. I made no doubt but that there are potentially, if I may use that pedantic word, many Bacons, Lockes, Newtons, Caesars, Cromwells, and Marlboroughs at the ploughtail, behind counters, and, perhaps, even among the nobility; but the soil must be cultivated, and the season favourable, for the fruit to have all its spirit and flavour.
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答案 很多人抱怨命运，却很少有人抱怨自然；人们越是认为自然对他们仁爱有加，便越是嘀咕命运对他们的所谓不公。 人们常常对命运发出诘难：我为何没有财富、地位、权利以及诸如此类的东西；但人们却很少或者从不这样责怪过自然：我为何没有长处、天赋、机智或美丽以及诸如此类的东西。 事实是，自然总是将天赋公平地分配给人们，比人们通常认为的还要不偏不倚，很少过分地慷慨，也很少吝啬。人与人之间的巨大差异是由于教育和环境使然。文化修养改良了天赋，机遇环境诱发了天赋。我并不怀疑在犁把后面，在柜台后面，甚至在豪门贵族中间有许多潜在的墙根们、洛克们、牛顿们、恺撤们、克伦威尔们和马尔伯勒们，如果能允许我用“潜在的”这个学究味很浓的词儿的话；但是要使果实具有它全部的品质和风味，还必须有耕耘过的泥土，必须有有利的季节。
解析    1．Most people complain of fortune，few of nature；and the kinder they think the latter has been to them，the more they murmur at what they call the injustice of the former．
   在衔接方式上，英语多用替代，汉语多用重复。省略是一种零替代，以上Most people complain of fortune， few of nature；将省略部分还原为：Most people complain of fortune，few complain of nature。the latter替代 nature，the former替代fortune。译文将替代部分转化为重复：很多人抱怨命运，却很少有人抱怨自然；人们越是认为自然对他们仁爱有加，便越是嘀咕命运对他们的所谓不公。
   2．Why have not I the riches，the rank，the power，of such and such，is the common expostulation with fortune；but why have not I the merit，the talents，the wit，or the beauty，of such and such others，is a reproach rarely or never made to nature．   
   这是英语中的平行结构(Parallelism)。Parallelism是英语中结构衔接的一个主要手段，可以互文见义。译文体现这种互文对比关系：人们常常对命运发出诘难：我为何没有财富、地位、权利以及诸如此类的东西；但人们却很少或者从不这样责怪过自然：我为何没有长处、天赋、机智或美丽以及诸如此类的东西。
   3．The truth is, that nature，seldom profuse，and seldom niggardly，has distributed her gifts  more equally than she is generally supposed to have done． seldom profuse，and seldom niggardly为后置形容词短语，修饰nature。比较关系more．．．than为结构衔接手段。译文；事实是，自然总是将天赋公平地分配给人们，比人们通常认为的还要不偏不倚，很少过分地慷慨，也很少吝啬。
   4．Culture improves，and occasions elicit，natural talents．英语为省略句，完整的句子是：Culture improves natural talents，and occasions elicit natural talents，汉语译文将省略部分还原：文化修养改良了天赋，机遇环境诱发了天赋。
   5．Bacons，Lockes，Newtons，Caesars，Cromwells，and Marlboroughs．
   专用名词加-s表示复数概念。另外，这些专用名词应按约定俗成的方法译：培根们、洛克们、牛顿们，恺撒们、克伦威尔们和马尔伯勒们。
   6．but the soil must be cultivated，and the season favourable．
   英语为省略句，完整的句子是：but the  soil must be cultivated，and the season must be favourable。汉语译文将省略部分还原：还必须有耕耘过的泥土，必须有有利的季节。
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