Ⅰ.Urban problems 1)problems to both developed and developing countries, like 【1】______ etc. 2)problems peculiar to developin

Good morning ! Today I want to discuss problems of urbanization. In particular I want to talk about those problems which are peculiar to developing economies and to discuss three possible policies which could be used to control or to stem uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries.
  Certain urban problems of course are common to both developed and developing countries, for example, problems of poor housing, unemployment and those problems connected with traffic, for example, congestion, pollution and so on.  However, there are problems which are very peculiar to developing economies and this is due to the fact that developing countries need to create a basic infrastructure which is necessary for industrialization and consequently for economic growth. In fact it is the provision of this infrastructure that constitutes the urbanization process itself and this infrastructure or the provision of this infrastructure may have undesired effects on the economy as a whole. Now it’s these consequences or these effects that I’d like to deal with next.
  I’m going to talk about five main consequences of this uncontrolled urbanization.
  In the first instance there’s the problem of the migration of people from the country to the city. Of course people living in the country see the city as a more desirable place to live in, whether they are living in developing or developed countries. But the problem is much more serious in a developing country because there are in fact often more people who wish to migrate to the city. Now the fact of people migrating to the city causes a certain depopulation of rural areas; this is a second consequence. If you like, and the result of this is a decrease in the production of food and in the supply of food to the country as a whole, this can in turn also lead to a rise in prices because of the law of supply and demand.
  As a result of people moving to the city, you get a high urban population growth rate. Now this is due not only to the fact of more adults moving to the city, but can also be due to traditions of these people from the country because often people from rural areas have a tradition of large families and so on. And so the population of the cities increases with these numerous children of the large families.
  This leads to a fourth consequence, which is a dramatic pressure on the supply of social services in urban areas, in particular services related to health and education. In relation to health services we can see that there are endemic diseases which could be made worse by overcrowding people coming from the country to the city, and for example in the stresses on services in education, with more children there’s a need for more schools and more teachers and so on.
  A fifth area which is affected by uncontrolled urbanization is that of the labor supply, and often uncontrolled urbanization leads to an excess of labor supply in the cities. This can lead to in turn an informal kind of labor activities if you like, what might be called low-productivity activities, for example people selling things in the streets, or you often find, for instance, in large urban areas in developing countries, children watching cars and so on and asking for tips from their owners when they come back. This is really a son of undesirable type of labor.
  So those are in fact the main consequences of uncontrolled urbanization.
  Now I’d like to move on to three possible policies which could be developed to stem this kind of uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries.
  The flint one would be to promote a more equal land distribution. In this way farmers would be more motivated to stay on the land. They would be able to work more land and thus be able to feed their families more adequately. Often the reasons why farmers wish to go to the city is that they cannot grow enough food to both feed their families and earn a living, so a more equal land distribution is one such policy to stem this kind of move to the city.
  A second policy would be to improve the supply of social services in the rural areas, particularly in the field of health and education. Country people often move to the city because they feel that these services are better in the city areas and if they could compare the services and feel that there was perhaps not much difference between the two, it would be another reason for not moving.
  A third possible policy would be to give financial assistance to agriculture, especially to the small landowners.
  Now obviously the problem of uncontrolled urbanization and the consequences, which are not favorable, is a difficult problem to which there is no easy solution. But these three types of policies could help to reduce the problem which is felt in particular in developing countries. Thank you for your attention !