The sciences are differentiated precisely on the basis of the particular contradictions inherent in their respective objects of

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问题 The sciences are differentiated precisely on the basis of the particular contradictions inherent in their respective objects of study. Thus the contradiction peculiar to a certain field of phenomena constitutes the object of study for a specific branch of science. For example, positive and negative numbers in mathematics; action and reaction in mechanics; positive and negative electricity in physics; dissociation and combination in chemistry; forces of production and relations of production, classes and class struggle, in social science; offence and defense in military science; idealism and materialism, the metaphysical outlook and the dialectical outlook, in philosophy; and so on—all these are the objects of study of different branches of science precisely because each branch has its own particular contradiction and particular essence.

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答案 科学研究的区分,就是根据科学对象所具有的特殊的矛盾性。因此,对于某一现象的领域所特有的某一种矛盾的研究,就构成某一门科学的对象。例如,数学中的正数和负数,机械学中的作用和反作用,物理学中的阴电和阳电,化学中的化分和化合,社会科学中的生产力和生产关系、阶级和阶级的互相斗争,军事学中的攻击和防御,哲学中的唯心论和唯物论、形而上学观和辩证法观等等,都是因为具有特殊的矛盾和特殊的本质,才构成了不同的科学研究的对象。

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