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  3. When it comes to gender roles in families, it seems the more things change, the more they stay the same. For the first time, the

When it comes to gender roles in families, it seems the more things change, the more they stay the same. For the first time, the

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问题      When it comes to gender roles in families, it seems the more things change, the more they stay the same. For the first time, the latest issue of the Journal of Sociology explores a single theme, examining the issue of" Flexibility. Families, Self and Work" through contributions from across Australia and overseas.
      The journal is edited by staff of the Sociology Department at Flinders. The research suggests that the gender structures of family life and their impact on women and men are remarkably constant aspects of social life. Against the idea that family life has become a new realm of freedom and flexibility, relations between men and women, and women’s position in family life, continue to be bound by strong gender norms.
      While there is evidence of a convergence in men’s and women’s relative contributions to house hold tasks, the change is due to the decline in time that women spend on domestic labor rather than the small increase in time spent on domestic duties by men. "Working women are making changes in their domestic labor and consumption patterns in order to accommodate their increased labor force participation, "said Professor Sharyn Roach Anleu.
     Large-scale work place surveys from Australia and the UK also show that there are enduring pay differences between men and women who are parents. Another paper presents a recent Australian survey comparing the effect of paid work on household economic well-being with other factors (notably whether or not the mother is partnered), and shows that overall household welfare is improved only where mothers obtain professional/administrative jobs.
     The increase of single parent families is a well recognized feature of demographic change in household and family forms, and the difficulties presented by the labor market for sole mothers is underlined by a study from New Zealand/Interviews with sole mothers show that jobs are increasingly fragmented and temporary. Far from offering flexibility, the workplaces are often rigid and constraining. Clear differences emerge between women whose training and experience allows access to higher status jobs and those who can only access the least desirable employment options.
     Another New Zealand study emphasizes the growth of non-standard work arrangements in the "New Economy", showing the increasing extent of work outside conventional organizations and career paths, part-time work. irregular hours and work from home. The influence of the European Economic Union’s agricultural policies and of global economic and technological changes in farming is apparent in a Northern Ireland study of women’s work on and off farms.
What kind of difficulties do the sole mothers come across in the labor market?
选项 A、They will not be offered the opportunity of promotion.
B、The bosses have a prejudice against them.
C、They are usually lower paid.
D、Their jobs are usually not permanent.
答案D
解析 根据文章第五段第二句新西兰所做的一项关于单亲妈妈在职场中所遇困难的调查可知这些单亲妈妈所找到的工作越来越零散并具有临时性。
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