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Oral Presentation
    Good morning. Today I want to talk about techniques for oral presentation.(1-1)I am going to give you some advice on how to present a seminar paper.
    (1 -2)As you know, there are two main stages involved in this. One is the preparation stage which involved researching and writing up a topic. The other stage is the presentation stage when you actually present the paper to your audience. It is the second that I am concerned with now.
    There are two ways in which this can be done.
    (3)The first method, is to circulate copies of the paper in advance to all the participants. This gives them time to read it before the seminar, so that they can come already prepared with their own ideas about what you have written. The second method is where there is no time for previous circulation, or there is some other reason why the paper cannot be circulated. In that case, of course, the paper will have to be read aloud to the group, who will probably make their own notes on it while they are listening.
    When you are introducing your paper, what you must not do is simply to read the whole paper aloud. This is because:
    (4)Firstly, if the paper is a fairly long one, there may not be enough time for discussion. From your point of view, the discussion is the most important thing. It is very helpful for you if other people criticize your work: in that way you can improve it.
    Secondly, a lot of information can not be understood when one is reading. It is not easy to pick up detailed information when one is listening.(5)In other words, there may be lack of comprehension or understanding because speech and writing are different.
    (6)Thirdly, it can be very boring listening to something being read aloud. Anyway, some of your audience may have read your paper carefully and will not thank you for having to go through all of it again.
    So there are several things you must follow to make your oral presentation clear and easy to understand.
    (7)Decide on a time limit for your talk. Tell your audience what it is. Stick to your time limit.
    At the seminar, the rate of delivery has to be slower. One of the best ways to help your audience is simply to speak slowly and help the listeners’ memory.
    (8)Concentrate only on the main points. Ignore details. Hammer home the essence of your argument. If necessary, find ways of making your basic points so that your audience will be clear about what thev are.
    (9)Speak from the outline notes. But bring both sets of notes and your original paper to the meeting. Knowing that you have a full set of notes available will be good for your self-confidence.
    Look at your audience while you are speaking. You will never make contact with your audience if your eyes are fixed on the paper in front of you.
    (10)Make a strong ending. One good way of doing this is to repeat your main points briefly and questions or comments.
    I hope that these suggestions will help to make your oral presentations a great success. That’s all for today’s lecture. Thanks for listening.