首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Artificial Intelligence (AI) A) We often don’t notice it, but artificial intelligence (AI) is all around us. It is present in co
Artificial Intelligence (AI) A) We often don’t notice it, but artificial intelligence (AI) is all around us. It is present in co
admin
2017-11-17
33
问题
Artificial Intelligence (AI) A) We often don’t notice it, but artificial intelligence (AI) is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email. In June 2002, a robot called Gaak gave an alarming demonstration of its independence. It made a dash for freedom from an exhibit at the Magna science centre in Rotherham. Gaak crept along a barrier until it found a gap and squeezed through. Having left the building, it reached Magna’s exit by the Ml motorway before it was discovered.
B) So, can a machine behave like a person? This question underlies artificial intelligence, the study of intelligent behavior in machines. In the 1980s, AI research focused on creating machines that could solve problems and reason like humans. One of the most difficult problems in artificial intelligence is that of consciousness. A consciousness gives us feelings and makes us aware of our own existence. But scientists have found it difficult getting robots to carry out even the simplest of cognitive tasks. Creating a self-aware robot with real feelings is a significant challenge faced by scientists hoping to imitate human intelligence in a machine. Since the early 1990s, researchers have concentrated on developing smaller, independent robots instead of trying to recreate human intelligence. The model for many of these machines is insect intelligence, which is—in its own way—very sophisticated.
C) When it is completed in late 2004, the world’s most powerful computer will be ASCI Purple, built by IBM. It is expected to carry out 100 trillion operations per second (or 100 teraflops). A supercomputer with double this processing power is expected within the next two years. It is being built to replace ASCI White—formerly the world’s most powerful computer—which occupies a space the size of two basketball courts at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California. A spokesman for IBM said that ASCI Purple was approaching the processing power of the human brain. But some scientists believe our brains can carry out around 10,000 trillion operations per second. HAL, the supercomputer that rebels against its human handlers in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), is a bold reference to IBM. The letters H, A and L, precede I, B and M in the alphabet
D) In 1950, mathematician Alan Turing devised a test to identify whether a machine displayed intelligence. In the Turing Test, two people (A and B) sit in a closed room, while an interrogator (询问者 ) (C) sits outside. Person A tries to fool the interrogator about their gender, while person B tries to assist the interrogator in their identification. Turing suggested a machine take the place of person A. If the machine consistently fooled the human interrogator, it was likely to be intelligent.
E) The possible dangers posed by intelligent machines have inspired countless science fiction films. In The Terminator (1984), a computer network attacks the human race in order to achieve control. This network then manufactures intelligent robots called "Tenninators" which it programs to destroy human survivors. In The Matrix (1999) and The Matrix Reloaded (2003), a machine enslaves humanity, using people as batteries to power its mainframe. Steven Spielberg’s AI: Artificial Intelligence (2002) paints a more sympathetic view of artificial life, depicting sensitive robots that are abused by brutal, selfish human masters.
F) One place where artificial intelligence has found a natural home is in the development of computer games. AI in computer games is becoming increasingly sophisticated as consumer appetites for better, faster, more challenging games grows. In games, AI is often present in the opponents you play against, or in allies or other team members.
G) In 1997, then world chess champion Garry Kasparov played against IBM’s Deep Blue supercomputer—and lost After six games, the mighty Kasparov lost 2.5 to 3.5 to the silicon upstart. In February 2003, Kasparov saved some credibility for humanity by drawing against the Israeli-built supercomputer Deep Junior. Kasparov went on to draw 2-2 against US company X3D Technologies’ supercomputer X3D Fritz in November 2003, proving that the human brain can keep up with the latest developments in computing (at least in chess).
H) Despite these entertaining applications, the original point of AI research was to create machines that could understand us. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), scientists have designed a robot called Kismet that can have realistic conversations with people. Kismet is capable of seven different facial expressions and can vary the tone of its voice. It also adjusts its gaze and the direction of its head towards the person it is speaking to. Scientists at HP have designed an electronic DJ. The "hpDJ" selects beats and baselines from its memory bank and mixes them. Its makers say it could be made to react to the mood of clubbers. At the University of Texas, Dallas, researchers have designed a lifelike human face capable of 28 facial movements, including smiling, sneering, furrowing its brow and arching its eyebrows. It could be used to put a human face to the artificial brains of the future.
I) A computer program developed at Brandeis University in Massachusetts has learnt how to design and build bridges, cranes and tables all by itself. It reinvented support structures such as the cantilever and the triangle without prior knowledge of them. Credit card companies use a computer program called The Falcon to detect card fraud. The Falcon works by constantly updating a profile of how customers use their credit cards. It then looks for uncharacteristic patterns of credit card use in the data. A robotic head built by a Scottish robotics company can determine a woman’s attractiveness. It works by examining faces to determine how "feminine" or "masculine" they are. It doesn’t work in reverse because men’s appeal is supposedly not based as much on looks. Perhaps jokingly, researchers say it could be put to use as an artificial receptionist. Robots designed for the consumer market and employing very basic forms of AI have become increasingly popular in recent years. Sony’s Aibo robot dog behaves like a puppy when it is first activated. But it "learns" new behavior as it spends more time with its human owner. A software program called FACES could stop mid-air collisions between planes. When tested in a flight simulator (模拟器), the software prevented a pile-up between 35 planes sharing airspace.
J) Over the coming century, breakthroughs in nanotechnology, the science of ultra-small machines constructed at the molecular level, may help us build more sophisticated machines that are more compact. We may also see breakthroughs from scientists who are experimenting with connecting biological cells to silicon circuits—a phenomenon called wetware.
In the early 1990s, the research of artificial intelligence had been replaced by the development of smaller, independent robots.
选项
答案
B
解析
根据时间状语1990s可定位到B段。该段倒数第2句提到,20世纪90年代初以来,研究人员专注于研发体积更小、独立的机器人,而非重新创造人类智能,故选B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/eIUFFFFM
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
Mostpeopleoftendreamatnight.Whentheywakeinthemorningtheysaytothemselves,"WhatastrangedreamIhad!Iwonderwh
ProfessorSmithrecentlypersuaded35people,23ofthemwomen,tokeepadiaryofalltheirabsent-mindedactionsforafortnig
WorkingtoImprovetheConditionsofEvergladesNationalParkA)WhenmanypeoplethinkofFlorida,imagesofsandycoastlin
KeepOurSeasCleanA)Bytheyear2050itisestimatedthattheworld’spopulationcouldhaveincreasedtoaround12billio
I’musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeopleareeitherhappierorunhappierormoreorlesscerta
ThenumberofspeakersofEnglishinShakespeare’stimeisestimatedtohavebeenaboutfivemillion.Todayitisestimatedthat
Onaverage,Americankidsaged3to12spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthoursmorethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmo
Herecomesthee-bookrevolutionA)Atwhattemperaturedoelectronicbookscatchfire?We’regoingtofindoutsometimethi
Arewereadyforthelibraryofthefuture?A)Librarianstodaywilltellyoutheirjobisnotsomuchtotakecareofbooks
CultureShockA)BecauseI’velivedinChinaforalongtime,localsoftensmileandgivemethehonorabletitleofbeing"a
随机试题
加强药品质量的监督管理体现的是指药品特殊性的( )人们在需要用药时,时间就是生命,它体现了药品特殊性中的( )
肾俞穴属于足少阴肾经。()
Addingasuitabletag:You’dratherIdidn’tshowupthesedays.
患者男,60岁。因进行性吞咽困难4个月就诊入院,经食管镜检查示食管中段6cm长之管腔狭窄,黏膜中断,病检报告为鳞癌Ⅱ级。体查锁骨上无肿大淋巴结,无声嘶。对于该患者推荐的放射治疗剂量为
我国学者发现能治疗消化性溃疡的抗生素是
以下属于行政法规的是
采用修正的总费用法进行索赔费用的计算时,通常在总费用法的基础上进行一些修正,修正的因素主要有()。
投资银行业务可能因管理不善而导致的风险有()。
(2015年改)甲公司购买一台新设备进行旧设备更新。新设备购买价为36000元,预计使用寿命10年,预计净残值为4000元(与最终报废残值一致),采用年限平均法计提折旧(与税法要求一致),每年营运成本为8000元,假设当期折现率为10%。公司适用的所
下列酒类产品中,包装物押金应并人销售收入计征消费税的有()。
最新回复
(
0
)