A、Being confined to entry-level jobs. B、Receiving lower pay than they should. C、Being promoted more quickly. D、Gaining less work

Women hinder themselves on the job by frequently underrating their standing with bosses and co-workers, says a new study to be released in the Academy of Management’s annual meeting. When asked to predict how they were rated by managers, direct reports and peers, women were significantly poorer at predicting others’ ratings than men. A lack of self-confidence isn’t the problem. The women surveyed thought highly of themselves compared with men in the study. But the females simply believed others regarded them as less competent than they actually did, on a wide range of social and emotional skills related to leadership, according to the study. The ratings included a wide range of attributes, from communication and conflict management to trustworthiness and teamwork. Overall, averaging all the ratings, the gap between prediction and reality was three times greater for women than for men. A few companies, of course, have fair, transparent, performance-based compensation systems that eliminate gender inequities. But at most employers, expecting to be devalued can pay a heavy price. A woman said she underestimated her standing at work for years and paid a high price in her paycheck. She started at a low-paid entry-level job at her company and advanced quickly up the ladder. But she didn’t ask for a raise for several years, only to find out later that she was making 50% less than peers with similar or less experience.
20.  How do women think others rate them on the job?
21.  What does the speaker say about the women surveyed?
22.  What is the possible result for employees expecting to be devalued?