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  3. Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

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问题    Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
   The【C1】______view had gained many supporters, especially among【C2】______. But the careful use of small monetary rewards【C3】______creativity in grade-school children,【C4】______that properly presented inducements indeed aid【C5】______, according to a【C6】______in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
   "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can【C7】______on a relatively challenging task,【C8】______show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.
   "But it’s easy to【C9】______creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or【C10】______too much anticipation for rewards."
   A teacher who【C11】______draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement【C12】______up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds.【C13】______an example of the latter point, he notes【C14】______efforts at major universities to【C15】______grading standards and【C16】______failing grades.
   In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in【C17】______students handle【C18】______problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows【C19】______in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist【C20】______.
【C9】
选项 A、maintain
B、kill
C、keep
D、spoil
答案B
解析 注意此处笔锋的转折，由“But”一词便知。适当的奖赏是可取的，但凡事有个度，过犹不及，过与不及都不好。事事有奖赏，会让人对奖赏生出太多依赖；不佳表现也能得到奖赏，则会让人们不思进取，毫无创造。基于上面的认知，此空要选择B，即kill。要区别spoil和kill。注意spoil一词的意思是“to affect something in a way that makes it worse，less attractive，or less enjoyable”，它只是“使变得更糟”，而kill的意思是“to make a person or other living things die”，它“使得……死亡”。
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