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  3. Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods

Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods

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问题     Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46)Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.
    Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47)The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
    The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments. (48)Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
    Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (49)Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (50)During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.
    Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.

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答案第一个(领域)，价格理论或微观经济学，解释在竞争的市场中供需间的相互作用是怎样导致了大量的个别价格、工资率、利润空间和租金变化。
解析 本题考核的知识点是；宾语从句、状语。句子的主干是The first explains how...。主语后的名词短语price theory or microeconomics作the first的同位语，因此翻译the first时，应增译为"第一个领域"，因为它表示two major fields中的一个。how引导宾语从句，其主干是the interplay...creates...。介词短语in competitive markets做地点状语，翻译时应前置。interplay"相互影响"；a multitude of"许多的，大量的"；individual"个别的，单独的，个人的"，margin"(时间、空间、金钱的)余地"，profit margin"利润空间"。
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