首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Shared Reading and Children’s Oral Language For many children, the process of learning to read starts before school. They en
Shared Reading and Children’s Oral Language For many children, the process of learning to read starts before school. They en
admin
2013-03-21
32
问题
Shared Reading and Children’s Oral Language
For many children, the process of learning to read starts before school. They enter school differentially (1)______to benefit from formal educational experiences and these differences often translate into subsequent differences in (2)______in reading and in other subject areas.
It is assumed in contemporary educational theory and practice that exposing children to a rich home literacy environment (HLE) is beneficial to literacy and language development. However, evidence suggests that the (3)______between HLE and educational and developmental outcomes is limited.
Early studies of the HLE’s influence tended to reduce its complexity to (4)______measures. More recent researches have sought to (5)______specific aspects that relate to literacy and it has been found that certain aspects of the HLE, especially shared reading activities, explain more adequately the relation between home environment and educational and developmental outcomes.
Experts suggested that different aspects of HLE may exert their influence on different outcomes and that the relative importance of HLE may vary by outcome and developmental period. For example, shared reading may influence oral language development, whereas letter knowledge may come from more direct (6)______.
The study I’m going to elaborate on examined the relations of shared reading to (7) ______, represented by receptive and expressive vocabulary and phonological sensitivity. These outcomes were selected because of their importance in the development of literacy-related skills during the (8)______and later success. Vocabulary knowledge is necessary for reading comprehension. Phonological sensitivity refers to sensitivity to and ability to manipulate the (9)______of oral language. They are well-established precursors of individual differences in word reading and comprehension development.
Questions concerning the HLE and its relation to different educational and developmental outcomes are important for several reasons. Therefore, in order to design more effective and (10)________interventions, more research on the HLE is needed.
Shared Reading and Children’s Oral Language
Learning to read is a difficult process that involves a number of different skills and experiences. It depends on learning to decode individual words as well as having the necessary knowledge of concepts and the world to comprehend the meaning of the text. Children are expected to recognize and understand more than 80,000 words by the end of third grade, i.e. at age 8 or 9. However, the process of learning to read starts before school for many children. It is well documented that children enter school differentially prepared to benefit from formal educational experiences and that these differences often translate into subsequent differences in achievement in reading and in other subject areas.
When asked about the origins of these initial differences, parents, educators, and researchers most commonly cite some aspects of the home literacy environment (HLE)that parents provide for their preschool children. The presumption that exposing children to a home environment rich in literacy activities is beneficial to literacy and language development has come increasingly to influence contemporary educational theory and practice. In the United States, for example, where educators strive to meet the federal mandate that every child read well by the end of third grade, there is a nationwide call for parents to read to their children along with numerous government initiatives to increase children’s exposure to literacy activities (e.g., the America Reads Challenge proposed by former President Clinton, provisions of the Reading Excellence Act supported by Presidents Clinton and Bush).
However, despite the almost universal consensus that HLE, especially in the form of shared reading activities, is important in the development of language and literacy skills, evidence suggests that the association between HLE and educational and developmental outcomes is small to modest in size.
Early studies of the HLE’s influence tended to reduce its complexity to social status measures, parental education, occupation and income, for example. It was generally found that children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) and non-mainstream cultural communities performed less well on reading tests and demonstrated lower levels of interest in literacy. However, social status is a marker variable that represents a number of attitudes, activities, and opportunities and does not identify the specific aspects of the home environment that are important in different stages of literacy and language development. More recently, researchers have sought to identify these specific aspects that relate to literacy and language development. It has been found that certain aspects of the HLE, especially shared reading activities, explain more adequately the relation between home environment and educational and developmental outcomes than do more global social class measures.
Experts suggested that future researchers attempt to take into account that different aspects of HLE may exert their influence on different outcomes and that the relative importance of HLE may vary by outcome and developmental period. For example, shared reading may influence oral language development, whereas letter knowledge may come from more direct parental instruction. Some scholars found that storybook exposure accounted for a statistically significant amount of unique variance in kindergarten and Grade 1 children’s oral language skills, but not in their written language skills. In contrast, a measure of parental teaching (e.g., number of instances a parent taught a child to read words and to print words in a typical week)explained statistically significant unique variance in children’s written language skills, but not in their oral language skills. Other researchers have also found that different aspects of HLE influence different outcomes.
The study I’m going to elaborate on later today examined the relations of shared reading to oral language, represented by receptive and expressive vocabulary and phonological sensitivity. These outcomes were selected because of their importance in the development of literacy-related skills during the preschool years; later, more complex literacy skills in alphabetic languages; and eventual success in school. They are well-established precursors of individual differences in word reading and comprehension development.
Vocabulary knowledge is necessary for reading comprehension. Phonological sensitivity refers to sensitivity to and ability to manipulate the sound structure of oral language. Children who are better at detecting and manipulating syllables, rhymes, or phonemes are quicker to learn to read, and this relation is present even after variability in reading skill due to factors such as intelligence quotient, receptive vocabulary, memory skills, and social class is partialled out. Phonemic awareness (often called phonological awareness) is the ability to manipulate the individual phonemes within words and is considered to be the most complex or most developed stage of phonological sensitivity. Recent studies have demonstrated that individual differences in phonological sensitivity are relatively stable across time from late preschool, and that individual differences in preschool levels of phonological sensitivity are related to subsequent individual differences in literacy development. However, despite the importance of phonological sensitivity to the emergence of literacy skills, little is known about the relation of HLE to its development.
Questions concerning the HLE and its relation to different educational and developmental outcomes are important for several reasons. First, the call for parents and schools to provide more and better literacy resources for children has become an educational priority, but we have a relatively poor understanding of the factors within the HLE that explain its influence on literacy’s development and maintenance over time or of the specific aspects of the HLE that are important at different developmental stages for a variety of educationally relevant outcomes (e.g., letter knowledge, phonological sensitivity). Therefore, in order to design more effective and long-lasting interventions, more research on the HLE is needed.
选项
答案
parental instruction
解析
本题为要点题。专家为以后的研究指明了方向:研究不同方面的家庭阅读环境对儿童阅读能力不同方面的影响,可以看出研究越来越趋向具体化。演讲者举例说明,如家长和孩子的共同阅读行为可能影响孩子口头表达能力的发展,而文字知识则来自家长的直接指导(direct parental instruction)。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/akRYFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
AscientistIntoday’ssocietywearenowseeingmorechildrenundertheageoftwelvedevelopingeatingdisorders.Itisestima
SegregationinEducationUntilthe1950s,theequal【1】providedbythe14thAmericansofdifferentorigins.【1】______In1896,
Variationsamongstateinsurancelawscancauseproblemsforfamilies.Ifyoudo【M1】______yourhomeworkbeforemovingtoa
ItwassaidbySirGeorgeBernardShawthat"EnglandandAmericaaretwocountriesseparatedbythesamelanguage."Myfirstpe
WhenGeorgeOrwellwrotein1941thatEnglandwas"themostclass-riddencountryunderthesun",hewasonlypartlyright.Socie
ScientistssaidThursdaythatanewAIDSvaccine,thefirsteverdeclaredtoprotectasignificantminorityofhumansagainstth
TheEuropeanCentralBankleftitsmaininterestrateunchangedWednesday,choosingtoputtheonusonpoliticalleaderstoaddr
随机试题
某股份公司拟发行债券500万元,国务院限定的利率水平为10%,下列哪一条不符合其发行债券的条件()。
患者48岁,有时外阴瘙痒,白带不多。查体:小阴唇皮肤变白、变薄、弹性差,表面可见皲裂。
A.吴茱萸B.枸杞子C.连翘D.女贞子E.五味子来源于芸香科,表面暗黄绿色至褐色的药材是()
某固定资产原值10000元,净残值800元,预计使用4年,若采用双倍余额递减法提取折旧,第二年应提取的折旧额应为()。
下列各项中,()是承包商面临的风险。
阅读材料,根据要求完成教学设计。材料一《普通高中物理课程标准(2017年版)》关于“碰撞”的内容标准为:“通过实验,了解弹性碰撞和非弹性碰撞的特点。定量分析一维碰撞问题并能解释生产生活中的弹性碰撞和非弹性碰撞现象。”材料二高中物理某教科书“实验:探究
《中国学生发展核心素养》正式发布之后,各学科都制订了相应的实施意见。下列选项中与生物学科核心素养不相符的一项是()
下列SQL语句能实现的功能是()。SELECT*FROM仓库WHERE仓库号="WH1";UNION;SELECT*FROM仓库WHERE仓库号="WH2"
—Hello!Myname’sJackSmith.—Hello!Mr.______.
"Theworld’senvironmentissurprisinglyhealthy.Discuss."Ifthatwereailexaminationtopic,moststudentswouldtearitapar
最新回复
(
0
)