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  3. A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should

A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should

admin2010-04-30  36
问题     A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy tales as sacred texts: "It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better."
    A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy tales were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has, and on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy tales. Often, however, this arises from the child having not heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.
    There are also people who object to fairy tales on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two headed dragons, magic carpets, etc. do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of mad men attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girlfriend.
    No fairy tale ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.
The author considers that a fairy tale is more effective when it is ______.
选项
答案adapted by the parent
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