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  3. Forget smart uniforms and small classes. The secret to excellent grades and thriving students is teachers. 【F1】One American stud

Forget smart uniforms and small classes. The secret to excellent grades and thriving students is teachers. 【F1】One American stud

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问题    Forget smart uniforms and small classes. The secret to excellent grades and thriving students is teachers. 【F1】One American study found that in a single year’s teaching the top 10% of teachers impart three times as much learning to their pupils as the worst 10% do. 【F2】Another suggests that, if black pupils were taught by the best quarter of teachers, the gap between their achievement and that of white pupils would disappear.
   But efforts to ensure that every teacher can teach are hindered by the powerful myth that good teachers are born, not made. 【F3】Government policies, which often start from the same assumption, seek to raise teaching standards by attracting high-flying graduates to join the profession and urging bad teachers to leave.
   The premise that teaching ability is something you either have or don’t is mistaken. A new breed of teacher-trainers is founding a rigorous science of pedagogy. The aim is to make ordinary teachers great, just as sports coaches help athletes of all abilities to improve their personal best. Done right, this will revolutionise schools and change lives.
   Education has a history of moving clumsily from one miracle solution to the next. The best of them even do some good. Teach for America, and the dozens of organisations it has inspired in other countries, have brought ambitious, energetic new graduates into the profession. And dismissing teachers for bad performance has boosted results in Washington, DC, and elsewhere. But each approach has its limits. Teaching is a mass profession: it cannot grab all the top graduates, year after year. 【F4】When poor teachers are fired, new ones are needed—and they will have been trained in the very same system that failed to make fine teachers out of their predecessors. By contrast, the idea of improving the average teacher could revolutionise the entire profession.
   What teachers fail to learn in universities and teacher-training colleges they rarely pick up on the job. They become better teachers in their first few years as they get to grips with real pupils in real classrooms, but after that improvements tail off. This is largely because schools neglect their most important pupils: teachers themselves.
   If this is to change, teachers need to learn how to impart knowledge and prepare young minds to receive and retain it. 【F5】Teacher-training institutions need to be more rigorous—rather as a century ago medical schools strengthened the capacities of doctors by introducing systematic curriculums and providing clinical experience. Big changes are needed in schools, too, to ensure that teachers improve throughout their careers.
【F2】
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答案另一项研究表明，如果黑人学生是由最好的四分之一的教师教授，那么他们与白人学生的成绩差距就不存在了。
解析 ①本句为多重复合句，that引导宾语从句，作动词suggests的宾语，说明另一项研究有何发现；该宾语从句中又包含if引导的条件状语从句，说明黑人学生与白人学生没有成绩差距的条件。②宾语从句中的介词短语between their achievement…white pupils作宾语从句主语the gap的后置定语，该后置定语中的that指代的是the achievement。
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