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  3. High productivity depends on a combination of factors, of which the most important are as follows. individual productivity The p

High productivity depends on a combination of factors, of which the most important are as follows. individual productivity The p

admin2010-01-10  22
问题 High productivity depends on a combination of factors, of which the most important are as follows.
individual productivity
The productivity of the individual depends on both his ability and his desire to do the job. The former ability depends, in turn, on native ability and on training. The latter varies with incentive.
The more complicated a job becomes, the more training is necessary to ensure efficient operation. Thus, developing training programs within production units is one important factor in the maintenance of high individual productivity.
Moreover, the establishment of good general and specific education programs is essential to the maintenance of efficiency and contemporary practices in production. This is particularly true at managerial levels.
The quality of management has a large significance to productivity since management teams are responsible for keeping equipment up-to-date, deciding production methods, developing marketing programs, fostering good relations between employers and employees, establishing good working conditions and installing incentives.
incentives
Incentives to efficiency at the individual and small group level can take various forms. Financial gain is one of the most common and also one of the most effective. However, others such as good working conditions, employee benefits and a positive social environment in the work place are important considerations.
At the production unit level, whether it be a small workshop or a large factory, competition provides a serious incentive. When a company has a monopoly or a protected niche for its operation, a general lassitude can delay replacement of aging equipment, allow loss of vigor in marketing, and permit slackness in individual behaviors. Thus, a certain amount of competition is useful to keep a company at the forefront of production efficiency.
capital equipment
Appropriate capital equipment implies, in term of efficiency, having equipment which optimizes the output of items produced per dollar input. General[y, this means regular updating of all equipment, from production machinery to hand tools to office instrumentation. However, modernization incurs expenditure. If such spending is very large, it may be considered as a form of saving. Such investment spending may, under some circumstances, delay a rise in standard of living. This could be because of preferred production of industrial products over consumer products and a reduction in consumer spending, because of deferred wage increase. So capital expenditure which will cause increased production in the future, can be considered as an enforced saving with a view to achieving a higher standard of living at a later date.
market size
As the quality of production increases, it is usually possible to reduce the cost of production per item. Thus, with very large production runs, the cost per item may be vastly reduced and profit per item will consequently be greater. Such as economy of scale is dependent on the accessibility of a market large enough to justify the enormous but necessary start-up costs, estimation of the market size may determine that the production must be distributed regionally, nationally or even world wide.
It is clear that the supply side of the economy is the basis of economic viability. This applies to highly industrialized nations where labor is expensive and the tendency is towards technical specialization, It also applies to less developed nations where there is an abundance of labor. In all cases a balance exists between production costs and profits available in the product market.  
According to the author, investment spending at last may result in ______.
选项 A、decrease of salaries
B、lower living qualities
C、higher standard of living
D、reduction in consumer spending
答案C
解析
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