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  3. In the early 19th century, French philosopher Auguste Comte proposed a scientific hierarchy ranging from the physical sciences a

In the early 19th century, French philosopher Auguste Comte proposed a scientific hierarchy ranging from the physical sciences a

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问题    In the early 19th century, French philosopher Auguste Comte proposed a scientific hierarchy ranging from the physical sciences at the bottom up through biology to the "queen" of sciences, sociology, at the top. A science of human social behavior, Comte contended, could help humanity make moral and political decisions and construct more efficient Just governments. Today, social science receives much less federal funding than the biological and physical sciences do. Social scientists are accused of being "soft", of working with theories so lacking in precision and predictive power that they don’t deserve to be called scientific.
   Some social scientists—I’ll call them "softies"—shrug off this criticism, because they identify less with physicists and chemists than with scholars in the humanities. 【R1】______
   Other social scientists, "hardies" hope for and believe they can eventually attain the same status as hard science, say, biology. Softies and hardies have been fighting for as long as I can remember. 【R2】______
   The term "sociobiology" became so controversial that it is rarely used today, except by softies as an insult. Hardies nonetheless embraced the tenets of sociobiology. They attached the term "evolutionary" to their fields—creating disciplines such as evolutionary psychology and evolutionary economics—and churned out unreliable conclusions about the adaptive origins of war and capitalism.
   Softies look skeptically at the aspirations of hardies—with good reason. The recent recession provides a powerful demonstration of social science’s limits. 【R3】______
   Even when supported by the latest findings from neuroscience, genetics, and other fields, social science will never approach the precision and predictive power of the hard sciences. 【R4】______
   In contrast, the basic units of social systems—people—are all different from each other; each person who has ever lived is unique in ways that are not trivial but essential to our humanity. 【R5】______
   So we are left with a paradox: Although social science is in many aspects quite weak, it can also be extraordinarily powerful in terms of its impact, for ill or good, on our lives. Here’s a more specific suggestion : Social scientists should not consider identifying with the harder sciences or the humanities. Rather, they should focus more intensely on finding answers to specific problems.
   [A]The world’s smartest economists, equipped with the most sophisticated mathematical models and powerful computers that money can buy, did not foresee—or at any rate could not prevent—the financial calamities that struck the United States and the rest of the world in 2008.
   [B]However, James Weatherall who has a Ph. D. in physics as well as in philosophy pointed out that the methods of hard sciences can help make social sciences more rigorous.
   [C]Stevens Institute of Technology is a case in point;Social science falls within the charge of the Stevens College of Arts & Letters, which also encompasses philosophy, history, literature, music and my own humble discipline, science communication. As far as I can tell, my social-science colleagues aren’t seething with resentment at being lumped together with the humanities folks.
   [D]Each individual mind also keeps changing in response to new experiences—watching Lord of the Rings, having a baby, teaching freshman composition. Imagine how hard physics would be if every electron were the unique product of its entire history.
   [E]Recently, as the prestige of neuroscience has surged, hardies have discovered the benefits of including magnetic-resonance imaging and other brain-scanning experiments in grant proposals, and they have attached the prefix "neuro" to their disciplines, yielding new terms such as neuroeconomics and neuroan-thropology.
   [F]In 1975, for example, the Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson contended in his blockbuster Sociobiology that social science would only become truly scientific by embracing evolutionary theory and genetics. Horrified softies denounced sociobiology as a throwback to social Darwinism and eugenics, two of the most notorious social applications of science.
   [G]Physics addresses phenomena—electrons, elements, gravity—that are relatively simple, stable and amenable to precise mathematical definition. Gravity works in exactly the same way whether you measure it in 17th-century England or 21st-century America. Every neutron is identical to every other neutron.
【R5】
选项
答案D
解析 空格出现在第七段末。空格上文指出，社会学的研究对象“人”是千差万别的，每个人都是独一无二的。空格下文开始总结全文。因此．空格内容应该与其上文保持一致，继续介绍“人”的个体差异。A项指出，每个人的思维都会根据新的体验发生变化。这恰恰说明每个人都是独特的，与上文观点保持一致。另外，该选项末句还指出，如果每个电子各不相同，物理学则会非常难。这一内容显然是对上一段(第六段)所介绍的物理学研究对象特点的照应，从而为“社会科学”与“硬科学”研究对象特点的对比作结。
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