首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they
admin
2015-04-24
36
问题
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s "intelligence" on the details of its own perceptions — its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.
Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.
Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context — what happens if the axioms are relaxed — is thereby ignored.
The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that
选项
A、mathematicians are better able to solve problems than tists are scien
B、changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments
C、well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments
D、some factors in most situations must remain unknown
答案
D
解析
细节推理题。根据题干关键词healthy skepticism定位到原文第二段尾句,该句中的指示代词this暗示本题的真正答案信息来源在第二段的倒数第二句,倒数第二句中的invisible与选项D中的unknown对应。故答案为D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/YtJYFFFM
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Allthestudentsofthisuniversityhavefree______totheInternetviaabroadband.
Americanwomenexperienceagreat【1】oflifestyles.A"typical"Americanwomanmaybesingle.Shemayalsobedivorcedormarried
ThestrangestweatheroflastyearwaspossiblynotonEarth,butontheSun.Every11years【C1】______theSungoesthroughacyc
SofarasIknow,MissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappy
Asaresultofhispioneeringworkinthelate1930’s,EarlHineshasbeencalledthefatherofmodernjazzpiano.
Ifgenderconflictscontinueattheircurrentrate,mypartnergloomilyobserved,menmayfadeintoextinctionandwomenwillma
Readingbooksisahabitthatispopularly【C1】______bymoreandmorepeople.Itbenefitsourlivesbyimprovingourknowledgeto
Readingbooksisahabitthatispopularly【C1】______bymoreandmorepeople.Itbenefitsourlivesbyimprovingourknowledgeto
Thenumberofstay-at-homefathersreachedarecordhighlastyear,newfiguresshow,asfamiliessawa______infemalebreadwinn
Whatdotheextraordinarilysuccessfulcompanieshaveincommon?Tofindout,welookedforcorrelations.Weknowthatcorrelati
随机试题
在初次使用胰岛素治疗时,一般选用()
下列不属于病史采集的内容是()
关于铁蛋白,正确的描述是()。
按照国家标准《城市用地分类与规划建筑用地标准》划分,城市建设用地不包括()。
路基作为道路工程的主要组成部分,应满足的基本要求是具有下列的()。
E公司只产销一种甲产品,甲产品只消耗乙材料。2019年第四季度按定期预算法编制2020年的企业预算,部分预算资料如下:资料一:乙材料2020年初的预计结存量为2000千克,各季度末乙材料的预计结存量数据如下表所示:每季度乙材料的购货款于当季支付40%
取保候审最长不得超过12个月。( )
求二元函数z=xy在条件x+y=1下的极值点坐标.
若变量已正确定义,在if(W)pfintf("%d\n",k);中,以下不可替代W的是()。
Manypeoplewonderwhysomemenwanttoliveonthemoon.Itis【1】notthekindofplacewheremostmenwouldchoosetolive.But
最新回复
(
0
)