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  3. That people have personalities goes without saying. Pet owners will quickly argue that their animals have personalities too. Yet

That people have personalities goes without saying. Pet owners will quickly argue that their animals have personalities too. Yet

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问题     That people have personalities goes without saying. Pet owners will quickly argue that their animals have personalities too. Yet rather little has been done to find out if such characteristics exist in wild animals. One such study, published recently in Animal Behavior, shows not only that some do, but also that the presence of such traits is skewing the way data are collected by researchers. The animals in question are birds—collared flycatchers, to be specific. A team of researchers monitored the courtship behavior of the birds. The 41 males observed were nesting in boxes long used by the species, and a single attractive female was placed in an enclosure on top of each box.
    First, the team measured the varying intensity of the courtship behaviors displayed by the 33 males that responded to the caged female. After they had collected enough data to act as a baseline, they then attached a white piece of paper to each of the boxes used by these males and watched how the males in question responded to this novelty. They found that roughly half seemed afraid of the paper and reduced their courtship of the female. The other half ignored the paper and continued displaying as they had done before. In the third phase of the experiment a male was placed in the cage over the box where the female had once been, and the amount of aggression towards this male from the nesting male was measured. In general, those males who had not been deterred by the presence of the paper attacked the newly presented competitor with vigor while those who had been intimidated by it seemed reluctant to attack the putative competitor.
    Another part of the study analyzed male willingness to fight in the presence of potential predators, by watching aggressive interactions between nesting males and caged competitors when an unfamiliar human slowly approached the site. Those males who had been afraid of the paper often fled when the human was as much as 20 meters away. Those who had continued their courtship in the presence of the paper again proved their courage and often kept fighting until the observing human was just two meters away. Lastly the team placed traps within the nesting boxes and monitored which birds were caught. They found that the aggressive, risk-taking males were twice as likely as non-risk-takers to be trapped.
    These results are interesting because this is the first time that differences in personality have been shown in wild birds. If birds, as well as mammals, have personalities, it may make it easier to study the evolutionary pressures that give rise to such systematically different ways of behaving within a single species.
According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is true about the study?
选项 A、It chose different types of birds as subject.
B、It put one female bird in a box while putting males on top of it.
C、It proved that all animals show some kind of personalities.
D、A number of experts participated in it.
答案D
解析 属事实细节题。选项A犯了曲解文意的错误，第一段第五句提到，这项研究的对象是鸟类，并明确说出是collared flycatcher这种鸟，而非用了很多种鸟类做实验，故错误。选项B犯了偷梁换柱的错误，将雄雌性鸟的位置调换，故错误。选项C犯了夸大其词的错误，文中只是说这项研究可以说明一些动物具有个性，而非所有动物，故错误。第一段第六句讲到一个团队参与了这项研究，故选项D符合题意。
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