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  3. Colleges and Universities arc institutions of higher education that offer programs beyond the high school level. Colleges and u

Colleges and Universities arc institutions of higher education that offer programs beyond the high school level. Colleges and u

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问题     Colleges and Universities arc institutions of higher education that offer programs beyond the high school level.  Colleges and universities provide necessary training for individuals wishing to enter professional careers. They also strive to develop students’ creativity, insight, and analytical skills. By acquainting students with complex ideas in an intellectually stimulating environment, colleges and universities can provide unique opportunities for personal enrichment while also preparing students for future careers. Students who live away from home during their college or university years typically experience a major turning point in their lives that has little to do with academics or professional training. For example, college offers many recent high school graduates their first opportunity to live on their own. Campus residence halls provide common settings for students to form new bonds with peers who share similar experiences.  Other students form social networks by joining student organizations or by participating in extracurricular activities.
    In the United States and Canada the terms college and university can describe a variety of institutions. A college may form one major division of a university, offering programs in a specific academic field that lead to undergraduate or graduate degrees, or both.  Colleges may also be independent of a university, offering four-year programs of general education that lead to a bachelor’s degree in the liberal arts and sciences. Some independent colleges offer a limited number of graduate programs, but usually their primary mission is to provide undergraduate education.  Community colleges offer two-year programs of general education or vocational education.
    Universities generally comprise various colleges and professional schools that make up the academic divisions of the institution. For example, a university may include a college of arts and sciences in addition to professional schools of education, law, medicine, and engineering. Universities provide higher education leading to a bachelor’s degree as well as professional and graduate programs leading to master’ s and doctoral degrees. Colleges and universities in the United States and Canada may be public institutions supported by federal, state, provincial, or municipal governments, or they may be private (independent) institutions.
A. Community Colleges
    Community colleges typically offer the first two years of general undergraduate education. Most also offer adult educational programs,  vocational education,  and technical training.  Community colleges confer associate degrees for successful completion of most two-year programs. Many students in community colleges complete the first two years of their college education in these institutions and then transfer the credits to a four-year college. Other community college students pursue vocational, technical, and other pre-professional programs. Because community colleges typically have lower tuition rates than four-year colleges and universities,  they offer significant advantages to many students.
B. Public Colleges and Universities
    Aside from a few four-year colleges supported by municipal governments or the federal government, most public colleges and universities in the United States are state institutions. In most cases, state boards of higher education provide funds for these schools and oversee their programs of instruction.  Most state governments establish systems of higher education,  such as the State University of New York System or the University of California System, which comprise groups of interconnected college or university campuses.
    State colleges and universities have diverse origins. Although some four-year institutions were originally established as state colleges and universities, many originated in the early 19th century as two-year teacher-training institutions known as normal schools.  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries these schools were reorganized and expanded into four-year teachers’ colleges. Later in the 20th century, another reorganization changed many teachers’ colleges into comprehensive colleges and universities that offer a wide range of academic programs. Many other state educational institutions are established with funds from the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. These institutions were originally founded to offer education in agriculture, science, and engineering, but most later expanded their curriculums to become large multipurpose universities.
    Federally supported higher education in the United States is mainly associated with branches of the armed services. Federal military colleges include the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York; the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland; and the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs,  Colorado.  These institutions provide comprehensive undergraduate programs in addition to defense training for prospective military officers. The federal government also operates the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, and the United States Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point, New York.
    In Canada, provincial governments establish boards of higher education responsible for allocating funds to provincial universities and overseeing their programs of instruction. In addition, the federal and provincial governments provide substantial funds for all institutions of higher education, including private colleges and universities. This public funding dramatically reduces costs for students.
C. Independent Colleges and Universities
    Independent colleges and universities are private, nonprofit institutions. Many independent colleges and universities originated as church-related institutions, although a majority of these are no longer affiliated with religious groups. The most common independent colleges and universities include (1) liberal arts institutions that offer comprehensive undergraduate education,  (2) technical or specialized institutions that prepare students in engineering, performing arts, music, nursing and other fields, and (3) large universities that include undergraduate programs in addition to graduate and professional schools.
D. Graduate and Professional Schools
    Professional schools are typically divisions of large universities. They offer specialized education in a variety of professional fields, such as education, business, medicine, law, .social work, agriculture, journalism, architecture, fine arts, nursing, engineering, and music. Some professional schools offer four-year or five-year programs leading to a bachelor’s degree, as well as graduate programs leading to master’s and doctoral degrees. Other professional schools -- such as schools of medicine, law, and library science -- usually offer only graduate study.  For example, Harvard University offers undergraduate courses related to the study of law, but the Harvard Law School offers courses for study in professional degree programs. Many large universities include graduate schools that offer master’s or doctoral degree programs for advanced study in such liberal arts and science fields as history, chemistry, physics, and literature.
E. Proprietary Institutions
    Proprietary institutions are private, for-profit, postsecondary institutions. They generally focus on preparing students for specialized careers in fields such as business, performing arts, commercial art, travel, music, fine arts, computer technology, and electronics. For example, the DeVry Inc. / Keller Graduate School of Management operates several campuses of the DeVry Institute of Technology, a for-profit institution that offers courses of study in accounting, business, computer information systems,  electronics,  and telecommunications.  Proprietary institutions often employ practicing professionals as part-time or adjunct instructors to offer training directly related to the field of specialization.
____________colleges and universities are associated with the churches at the very beginning of their development.
选项
答案Independent
解析 文中第9段提到，许多独立的学院和综合性大学由教会扶持的学校发展而来，但现在这些学校的绝大多数已经不再隶属于那些宗教组织了。因此，答案为Independent。
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