Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards,from【C1】______praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.

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问题    Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards,from【C1】______praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists,【C2】______research the relation【C3】______actions and their consequences argue that rewards Can improve performance at work and school.Cognitive researchers,who study various aspects of mental life,maintain【C4】______rewards often destroy creativity【C5】______encouraging dependence【C6】______approval and gifts from others.
   The latter view has gained many supporters,especially【C7】______educators.But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks【C8】______in grade-school children,suggesting【C9】______properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness,【C10】______to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
   “If kids know they’re working for a【C11】______and can focus【C12】______a relatively challenging task,they show the most creativity”,says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for【C13】______performance or creating too【C14】______anticipation for rewards.”
   A teacher【C15】______continually draws attention to rewards or who hands【C16】______high grades for ordinary achievement ends up【C17】______discouraged students,Eisenberger holds.【C18】______an example of the latter point,he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing【C19】______
   In earlier grades,the use of so-called token economies,in【C20】______students handle challenging problem sand receive performance-based points toward valued rewards,shows promise in raising effort and creativity,the Delaware psychologist claims.
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解析 此空所在短句意为“报酬经常毁掉创造性,…鼓励依赖他人的认可和礼物。”显然,空处应填“通过”,在英语中介词by即可表达此意。
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