首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Trying too Hard Can Slow New Language Development A)Neuroscientists have long observed that learning a language presents a diffe
Trying too Hard Can Slow New Language Development A)Neuroscientists have long observed that learning a language presents a diffe
admin
2020-06-08
25
问题
Trying too Hard Can Slow New Language Development
A)Neuroscientists have long observed that learning a language presents a different set of opportunities and challenges for adults and children.
B)Adults easily grasp the vocabulary needed to navigate a grocery store or order food in a restaurant, but children have an innate ability to pick up on subtle nuances of language that often elude adults. For example, within months of living in a foreign country, a young child may speak a second language like a native speaker.
C)Experts believe that brain structure plays an important role in this "sensitive period" for learning language, which is believed to end around adolescence. The young brain is equipped with neural circuits that can analyze sounds and build a coherent set of rules for constructing words and sentences out of those sounds. Once these language structures are established, it’ s difficult to build another one for a new language.
D)In a new study, a team of neuroscientists and psychologists from Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)discovered another factor that contributes to adults’ language difficulties: When learning certain elements of language, adults’ more highly developed cognitive skills actually get in the way.
E)The researchers discovered that the harder adults tried to learn an artificial language, the worse they were at deciphering the language’ s morphology—the structure and deployment of linguistic units such as root words, suffixes, and prefixes.
F)"We found that effort helps you in most situations, for things like figuring out what the units of language that you need to know are, and basic ordering of elements. But when trying to learn morphology, at least in this artificial language we created, it’ s actually worse when you try," said Amy Flynn a postdoc at MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research.
G)Finn and colleagues from the University of California at Santa Barbara, Stanford University, and the University of British Columbia describe their findings in journal PLOS ONE.
H)Linguists have known for decades that children are skilled at absorbing certain tricky elements of language, such as irregular past participles(examples of which, in English, include "gone" and "been")or complicated verb tenses like the subjunctive. "Children will ultimately perform better than adults in terms of their command of the grammar and the structural components of language—some of the more idiosyncratic, difficult-to-articulate aspects of language that even most native speakers don’ t have conscious awareness of," Finn says.
I)In 1990, linguist Elissa Newport hypothesized that adults have trouble learning those nuances because they try to analyze too much information at once. Adults have a much more highly developed prefrontal cortex than children, and they tend to throw all of that brainpower at learning a second language.
J)This high-powered processing may actually interfere with certain elements of learning language. "It’ s an idea that’ s been around for a long time, but there hasn’ t been any data that experimentally show that it’s true," Finn says. Finn and her colleagues designed an experiment to test whether exerting more effort would help or hinder success.
The study
K)First, they created nine nonsense words, each with two syllables. Each word fell into one of three categories(A, B, and C), defined by the order of consonant and vowel sounds. Study subjects listened to the artificial language for about 10 minutes. One group of subjects was told not to overanalyze what they heard, but not to tune it out either.
L)To help them not overthink the language, they were given the option of completing a puzzle or colouring while they listened. The other group was told to try to identify the words they were hearing. Each group heard the same recording, which was a series of three-word sequences—first a word from category A, then one from category B, then category C—with no pauses between words.
M)Previous studies have shown that adults, babies, and even monkeys can parse this kind of information into word units, a task known as word segmentation. Subjects from both groups were successful at word segmentation, although the group that tried harder performed a little better. Both groups also performed well in a task called word ordering, which required subjects to choose between a correct word sequence(ABC)and an incorrect sequence(such as ACB)of words they had previously heard.
N)The final test measured skill in identifying the language’s morphology. The researchers played a three-word sequence that included a word the subjects had not heard before, but which fit into one of the three categories.
O)When asked to judge whether this new word was in the correct location, the subjects who had been asked to pay closer attention to the original word stream performed much worse than those who had listened more passively. The findings support a theory of language acquisition that suggests that some parts of language are learned through procedural memory, while others are learned through declarative memory.
P)Under this theory, declarative memory, which stores knowledge and facts, would be more useful for learning vocabulary and certain rules of grammar. Procedural memory, which guides tasks we perform without conscious awareness of how we learned them, would be more useful for learning subtle rules related to language morphology.
Q)"It’s likely to be the procedural memory system that’s really important for learning these difficult morphological aspects of language. In fact, when you use the declarative memory system, it doesn’t help you, it harms you," Finn says. Still unresolved is the question of whether adults can overcome this language-learning obstacle. Finn says she does not have a good answer yet but she is now testing the effects of "turning off" the adult prefrontal cortex using a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation.
R)Other interventions she plans to study include distracting the prefrontal cortex by forcing it to perform other tasks while language is heard, and treating subjects with drugs that impair activity in that brain region.
The test which aimed to evaluate skill in identifying the language’ s morphology included a word the subjects had not heard before.
选项
答案
N
解析
本题意为辨别语言形态方面技能的测试里包括没有听过的词序。题干的skill in identifying the language’s morphology为关键词,定位到N段The final testmeasured skill in identifying the language’s morphology.The researchers played athree—word sequence that included a word the subjects had not heard before,but whichfit into one of the three categories.最终测试考量他们在辨别语言形态方面的技能。研究人员播放一连串三词组,其中包括他们没有听过的词序,但也符合分类要求。”
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/VOBFFFFM
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
WhyIBecameaTeacher:toPassonMyLoveofLiteratureA)Likelotsofpeople,IneverthoughtI’dbeateacherwhenIwasat
WhyIBecameaTeacher:toPassonMyLoveofLiteratureA)Likelotsofpeople,IneverthoughtI’dbeateacherwhenIwasat
WhyIBecameaTeacher:toPassonMyLoveofLiteratureA)Likelotsofpeople,IneverthoughtI’dbeateacherwhenIwasat
A、10,000.B、7,950.C、240.D、4,750.D细节题。根据文中提到的ThenumberofpeopletakingtheirownlifewasalreadyincreasingintheUS,butt
Althoughinteriordesignhasexistedsincethebeginningofarchitecture,itsdevelopmentintoa【C1】______fieldisreallyquite
AsanimmigranttoNorthAmerican,youwillneedtoensurethatemployersandorganizationssuchascollegesanduniversitiespr
Byeducation,Imeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehavio
A、Heisafriendofthewoman.B、Heisthewoman’sex-husband.C、Itisalovelydog.D、Heisatenant.C细节题。根据Iwilltakeitif
BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsonthe
A、Gettingrichquickly.B、Distinguishingoneself.C、Respectingindividualrights.D、Doingcredittoone’scommunity.B
随机试题
应急反应时,表现出心率加快、血压升高、呼吸频率加快、血糖升高和肌张力增强,这些生理反应说明活动增强的神经内分泌系统是()。
用于PCB反应的酶是
患者,女,30岁。上前牙不适1周。检查:变色,叩(±),冷测无反应,未发现龋坏拟诊断为
疾病的内在依据()。
某合资企业被企业所在地的行政机关处以暂扣企业营业执照的处罚,则在下列哪些情况下该处罚权的创设是合法的()
《国土资源行政复议规定》规定,对国土资源部的具体行政行为不服的,向国土资源部申请行政复议。对行政复议决定不服的,可以向();也可以按照行政复议法第十四条的规定向()。
思想品德课是我国德育的主要途径。()
报考人民警察者能否被录用,取决于本人的政治、业务素质和考试成绩,这是()原则的体现。
下面的立体图形如果从任一面剖开,以下哪一项不可能是该立体图形的截面?
《吕内维尔和约》
最新回复
(
0
)