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  3. While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It i

While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It i

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问题     While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area of the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society.
    Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which, by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society, the upper classes or the so-called social elite are not able to differentiate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classes immediately below them, who, in turn, are imitated by groups immediately below them in the social structure. This process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imitated. It is primarily this feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, moves to its doom.
    As a movement, fashion shows little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. The participants are not recruited through agitation. No morale is built up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or require, an ideology. Further, since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build up a set of tactics. People take part in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.
According to the author, which of the following groups usually leads a new fashion?
选项 A、Philosophers.
B、Artists.
C、Writers.
D、The social elite.
答案D
解析 作者认为，下列哪一个群体经常引领新的时尚?[A]哲学家。[B]艺术家。[C]作家。[D]社会精英。根据文章第二段，在一个阶级社会中，上层阶级或所谓的社会精英的生活和行为的更为外在的特点很可能被在其之下的那个社会阶层所仿效，这个阶层又进而被社会结构中更低的群体所仿效。这一过程使时尚具有一种垂直下传的特点。然而，精英阶层发现由于被别人仿效，他们已不再与众不同，他们就会又采纳新的区分标准，而这些标准被仿效后又会被取代。由此可见，引领一种新时尚的通常是社会精英，即[D]。
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