首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Hew Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinte
"Hew Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinte
admin
2018-07-24
10
问题
"Hew Women of the Ice Age"
The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithic past centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy. Amassing critical and previously overlooked evidence from Dolni Vestonice and the neighboring site of Pavlov, researchers Olga Soffer, James Adovasio, and David Hyland now propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big-game animals. Instead, observes Softer, one of the world’s leading authorities on Ice Age hunters and gatherers and an archeologist at the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana, it depended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archeological evidence—net hunting. "This is not the image we’ve always had of Upper Paleolithic macho guys out killing animals up close and personal," Softer explains. "Net hunting is communal, and it involves the labor of children and women. And this has lots of implications."
Many of these implications make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. European archeologists have long concentrated on analyzing broken stone tools and butchered big-game bones, the most plentiful and best preserved relics of the Upper Paleolithic era (which stretched from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). From these analyses, researchers have developed theories about how these societies once hunted and gathered food. Most researchers ruled out the possibility of women hunters for biological reasons. Adult females, they reasoned, had to devote themselves to breast-feeding and tending infants. "Human babies have always been immature and dependent," says Softer. "If women are the people who are always involved with biological reproduction and the rearing of the young, then that is going to constrain their behavior. They have to provision that child. For fathers, provisioning is optional."
To test theories about Upper Paleolithic life, researchers looked to ethnography, the scientific description of modern and historical cultural groups. While the lives of modern hunters do not exactly duplicate those of ancient hunters, they supply valuable clues to universal human behavior. In many historical societies, Softer observes, women played a key part in net hunting, since the technique did not call for brute strength nor did it place young mothers in physical peril. Among Australian Aborigines, for example, women as well as men knotted the mesh, laboring for as much as two or three years on a fine net. Among Native American groups, they helped lay out their handiwork on poles across a valley floor. Then the entire camp joined forces as beaters. Fanning out across the valley, men, women, and children alike shouted and screamed, flushing out game and driving it in the direction of the net. "Everybody and their mother could participate," says Softer. "Some people were beating, others were screaming or holding the net. And once you got the net on these animals, they were immobilized. You didn’t need brute force. You could club them, hit them any old way."
People seldom returned home empty-handed. Researchers living among the net hunting Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that they capture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered. "Nets are a far more valued item in their panoply of food-producing things than bows and arrows are," says Adovasio. So lethal are these traps that the Mbuti generally rack up more meat than they can consume, trading the surplus with neighbors. Other net hunters traditionally smoked or dried their catch and stored it for leaner times.
A Softer doubts that the inhabitants of Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov were the only net makers in Ice Age Europe. B Camps stretching from Germany to Russia are littered with a notable abundance of small-game bones, from hares to birds like ptarmigan. And at least some of their inhabitants whittled bone tools that look much like the awls and net spacers favored by historical net makers. C
Although the full range of their activities is unlikely ever to be known for certain, there is good reason to believe that Ice Age women played a host of powerful roles. D And the research that suggests those roles is rapidly changing our mental images of the past. For Softer and others, these are exciting times.
What can be inferred about Dr. Soffer from paragraph 2?
选项
A、She does not agree that women should be the primary caretakers for children.
B、She is probably not as conservative in her views as many of her colleagues.
C、She is most likely a biologist who is doing research on European women.
D、She has recently begun studying hunting and gathering in the Upper Paleolithic era.
答案
B
解析
Because her views "make her conservative colleagues cringe," it must be concluded that her views are not as conservative. Choice A is not correct because she disagrees about the role of women as hunters, not as caretakers. Choice C is not correct because she is identified as an authority on the Ice Age and as an archeologist, not as a biologist. Choice D is not correct because she is a leading authority on hunting and gathering in the Ice Age.
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/RfhYFFFM
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
WhatdidPhoebefinddifficultaboutthedifferentresearchtechniquessheused?ChooseFIVEanswersfromtheboxandwritethe
Completethetablebelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.Talkingaboutthehistoryofbikes
Labelthemapbelow.Writethecorrectletter,A-E,nexttoquestions11-15.NationalHistoryMuseum
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.The______iswithinwalkingdistanceoftheaccommod
ChooseTHREEletters,A-ETheinventionofdifferentgearsonabicycleaffectedwhichTHREEofthefollowing?AWheelsizeBBa
Whatproblemisidentifiedwitheachofthefollowingnaturaldyes?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.ProjectonusingnaturaldyestocolourfabricsWhendoinghisexperiments,Jimwassurpr
Whatadvantagedoesthespeakermentionforeachofthefollowingphysicalactivities?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwrite
Whothinksthefollowing?AKatyaBPeterCbothKatyaandPeterTheInternetcreatesnewgapsbetweenrichandpoor.
Whatdoesthepoliticiansaythegovernmentwilldointhefollowingareas?AincreaseexpenditureBmaintainthesamelevelof
随机试题
X线照片影像的五大要素不包括
处理空气栓塞者的方法有
A.清热解毒B.疏风清肺C.清热除湿解毒D.清热除湿,活血散结E.除湿化痰,活血散结痤疮,痰湿瘀滞证的治法是()。
以下表述正确的有()。
票据的流通性是指()。
某通讯公司是一家正在高速发展的公司,由于市场份额不断扩大,人手不足,导致大量有价值的客户严重流失,人才短缺已经成为公司发展的主要障碍。因此,公司非常重视员工的选聘与培训工作。该公司对应届毕业生特别是重点院校毕业生的招募给予足够的关注。公司人力资源部
根据《村民委员会选举法》,提名权是直接提名村民委员会成员候选人的权利。直接提名不包括()。
人们创造历史的第一个或最基本的活动是物质资料生产活动。()
Hesaidthatbookson______popularsciencearein______shortsupply.
Ican______thehousebeinguntidy,butIhateitifit’snotclean.
最新回复
(
0
)